雅思閱讀段落細(xì)節(jié)題特點(diǎn)解析 2023年1月18日雅思閱讀真題回憶解析

今天大學(xué)路小編整理了雅思閱讀段落細(xì)節(jié)題特點(diǎn)解析 2023年1月18日雅思閱讀真題回憶解析相關(guān)信息，希望在這方面能夠更好幫助到大家。

本文目錄一覽：

• 1、雅思閱讀段落細(xì)節(jié)題特點(diǎn)解析
• 2、2023年雅思閱讀真題全面解析及答案(3)
• 3、2023年1月18日雅思閱讀真題回憶解析

雅思閱讀段落細(xì)節(jié)題特點(diǎn)解析

段落細(xì)節(jié)配對(duì)題的題型特點(diǎn)

1. 題型位置

縱觀劍橋系列真題，尤其是近幾年出版的劍橋雅思7-11, 專家發(fā)現(xiàn)，段落細(xì)節(jié)配對(duì)總是出現(xiàn)在第一題型，并且會(huì)出現(xiàn)題目要求：Which paragraph contains the followinginformation?

從第一題型的位置來(lái)看，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)它和List of Headings是一樣的，也就是說(shuō)，同一篇文章，這兩個(gè)題型只會(huì)出現(xiàn)其中一個(gè)。道理其實(shí)很簡(jiǎn)單，因?yàn)檫@兩個(gè)題型都是考察段落的，一個(gè)考察細(xì)節(jié)，另一個(gè)卻考察主旨，如果同時(shí)在一篇文章，那么對(duì)段落的考察考點(diǎn)重復(fù)，所以只會(huì)保留其中一個(gè)。

2. 完全亂序

因?yàn)榇鸢甘俏恼碌亩温涮?hào)，所以題號(hào)和段落號(hào)一定是亂序的。

3. 題量：4-7題

4. NB youmay use any letter more than once

只要出現(xiàn)NB, 表明一定有一個(gè)選項(xiàng)(段落)會(huì)被重復(fù)使用一次。NB的出現(xiàn)無(wú)疑是加大了這道題的難度，如果有題已經(jīng)選了C段，如果沒(méi)有NB, 這段可以跳過(guò)進(jìn)入下一段，但是如果有NB出現(xiàn)，我們還得老老實(shí)實(shí)地把這一自然段讀完，確保復(fù)選選項(xiàng)。

段落細(xì)節(jié)配對(duì)做題方法

在分析段落細(xì)節(jié)題的特點(diǎn)時(shí)，我們知道它是第一題型，考試時(shí)“我們要不要按照順序，先把段落細(xì)節(jié)配對(duì)拿下呢?”答案是：Ofcourse, not!! Definitely not!!! 理由很充分：它要求我們尋找題干和文章中某段中某句話的同義改寫(xiě)，而我們對(duì)文章完全不了解的情況下，是很難在茫茫詞海中找尋答案的，所以只能仔細(xì)閱讀文章了，文章1500-2000字，通讀一遍，不僅耗時(shí)，而且很有可能吃力不討好，完全找不到答案，因?yàn)槲闹械木渥右欢ù蠓韧x改寫(xiě)了。所以段落細(xì)節(jié)配對(duì)，我們要靠后做，先做順序原則的細(xì)節(jié)題，對(duì)文章有一定了解之后，再去搜尋答案，會(huì)事半功倍。

這一大題是亂序的，所以專家們提醒廣大考生，我們一定要把這一大題里的所有關(guān)鍵詞全部劃出來(lái)，到文章中尋找答案。劃取關(guān)鍵詞，對(duì)烤鴨們來(lái)說(shuō)已經(jīng)非常熟悉了，但是段落細(xì)節(jié)配對(duì)，作為最難的題型，它在題干設(shè)計(jì)上可是下了一番苦心呢。下面，專家?guī)ьI(lǐng)大家來(lái)一睹它的芳容。

首先，我們要熟悉絕對(duì)不能劃的詞：

標(biāo)題詞和主題詞。拿到一篇文章，首先要留意標(biāo)題，了解整篇文章的討論主體，在做題時(shí)，如果與標(biāo)題有關(guān)系的詞出現(xiàn)在題干中，這類詞一定不能劃。

“

劍7 Test1 Let’s Go bats這篇文章一定是圍繞蝙蝠來(lái)講的，所以如果題干中出現(xiàn)蝙蝠，可以不劃。

劍6 Test4 Passage1 Doctoring sales醫(yī)生**，很明顯是說(shuō)醫(yī)療的，副標(biāo)題：Pharmaceuticalsis one of the most profitable industries in North America. But do the drugsindustry’s sales and marketing strategies go too far? 我們不難看出這篇文章是說(shuō)醫(yī)藥代表和醫(yī)生的關(guān)系的，所以題干中出現(xiàn)：doctor、drug、sale*an、sales representative可以不用劃出來(lái)。

若干小題反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞。段落細(xì)節(jié)配對(duì)題的數(shù)量大概是4-7題，如果我們發(fā)現(xiàn)有一類詞在題干中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)，也不用劃，因?yàn)樗荒軒臀覀兌ㄎ欢温洹?

假大空的詞。An account of、the fact that、a reference to、a deion of、an effect of, 看似這些詞都是名詞，但是它們都沒(méi)有意義，只是告訴我們這句話描述了，說(shuō)了，提到了，所以看到即跳過(guò)。

其次，我們一定要留心要?jiǎng)澋脑~：

A.數(shù)字類(*數(shù)字，分?jǐn)?shù)，百分?jǐn)?shù)，貨幣符號(hào)+數(shù)字)

劍7 Test2 Passage2 The True Cost of food

14. A costinvolved in purifying domestic water

劍9 Test2 Passage1

6. The estimated proportionof children in New Zealand with auditoryproblems.

劍9 Test4 Passage2 Young children’s sense ofidentity

16. The ageat which children can usually identify a staticimage of themselves.

段落細(xì)節(jié)配對(duì)，顧名思義，讓考生們帶著題干中比較寬泛的信息到文章中尋找相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)較細(xì)節(jié)、較具體的信息，那么這三道題出現(xiàn)了：cost、proportion、age, 這三個(gè)詞如何具體，很簡(jiǎn)單：就是數(shù)字，文中的句子一定具體告訴讀者是多少錢(qián)，百分之多少和具體的幾歲。文中分別出現(xiàn)了：$23m for removal of the bugcryptosporidium from drinking water、6-10% of children和during the second birthday。

B. 首字母大寫(xiě)(地名，住址機(jī)構(gòu)名，專有名詞)

劍9 Test4 Passage2

18. A reference to apossible link between cultureand a particularform of behaviour.

題干中出現(xiàn)culture, 很多考生可能會(huì)困惑，為什么culture和大寫(xiě)有關(guān)，culture是文化的意思，不同的國(guó)家和地區(qū)才會(huì)有不同的文化，所以這個(gè)詞的出現(xiàn)暗示著這段的某句話里有首字母大寫(xiě)的表示國(guó)家地點(diǎn)的詞。

劍9 Test3 Passage2 Tidal Power

14. The locationof the first test site

題干中出現(xiàn)location, 地點(diǎn)，位置，文中一定具體說(shuō)在哪里，所以有大寫(xiě)，并且可以精確到街道和門(mén)牌號(hào)碼，所以還有可能大寫(xiě)的旁邊有數(shù)字。

劍9 Test 1 Passage1

2. A deion of a global team effort.

global team effort全球團(tuán)隊(duì)合作，“全球”在文章中如何細(xì)化，會(huì)出現(xiàn)international、world等詞，或者這段出現(xiàn)表示國(guó)家的大寫(xiě)單詞。

C. 名詞復(fù)數(shù)(舉例，并列結(jié)構(gòu))

劍7 Test1 Let’s Go Bats

1. Examples of wildlife other than bats which donot rely on vision to navigate by.

題干中出現(xiàn)examples, 說(shuō)明該段一定會(huì)具體舉例動(dòng)物，如：insects、deep-see fish、whales、dolphins等。

劍7 Test2

15. The stagesin the development of the farming industry.

題干中出現(xiàn)stages, 表示階段或步驟，也就是說(shuō)農(nóng)業(yè)并不是一蹴而就的，而是經(jīng)歷了若干階段，那么階段與階段之間，一定會(huì)有銜接詞，如：first、second、next、followed by、and then; 或者出現(xiàn)表示時(shí)間的詞：in the 1990s、while in the 2000s。

17. One effect of chemicalson water sources.

這道題出現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，一個(gè)是chemicals, 化學(xué)物質(zhì)，也就是說(shuō)文中一定會(huì)有具體的化學(xué)物質(zhì)，但是這個(gè)詞偏學(xué)術(shù)，可能出現(xiàn)的詞會(huì)超出預(yù)計(jì);而另外一個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)名詞：watersources水源，這個(gè)就好想多了，水的源頭無(wú)外乎江河湖海，小溪，冰川等，所以文中會(huì)出現(xiàn)不止一個(gè)詞：river、sea、ocean、lake、stream、glacier。

D. 否定詞(表示否定意義的詞)

劍9 Test 4 Passage2

17. A reason for the limitations of scientific research into “self-as-subject”.

題干中出現(xiàn)limitations, 表示局限或是障礙，那么文中定位到的句子一定會(huì)有同樣表示困難的詞：Empiricalinvestigations of the self-as-subject in young children are, however, ratherscarcebecause of difficultiesof communication: even if young infants can reflect on their experience, theycertainly cannot expressthis aspect of the selfdirectly. 所以一旦題干中出現(xiàn)負(fù)方向的詞，文中一定會(huì)有表示否定的詞。

E. 同義詞或近義詞

劍7 Test1 Passage1

5. Early military usesof echolocation.

雅思閱讀的考點(diǎn)就是：定位和同義轉(zhuǎn)化，而段落細(xì)節(jié)配對(duì)定位到了答案也就出現(xiàn)了，所以這道題的解題核心其實(shí)就是同義轉(zhuǎn)化，如果考生對(duì)同義詞和近義詞越熟悉，越銘記于心，那么段落細(xì)節(jié)配對(duì)就會(huì)找得越快，正確率越高。在段落細(xì)節(jié)配對(duì)中，主要考察的是：上義詞和下義詞的同義改寫(xiě)，它們也許中文不能一一對(duì)應(yīng)，但是它們是相關(guān)的。

以這題為例：military uses軍事方面的應(yīng)用，文中一定細(xì)化到：war、weapon、solider、battle、submarine、battlefield、helicopter等。

劍9 Test4 Passage2

15. The role of imitationin developing a sense of identity.

題干中出現(xiàn)imitation, 表示模仿，那么文中一定不會(huì)有原文原詞，該詞的同義詞是：simulate、copy、mimic、mock, 而文中出現(xiàn)了：many parents spend a lot of time, particularly inthe early months, copying their infant’svocalizations and expressions.

段落細(xì)節(jié)配對(duì)題，其實(shí)并沒(méi)有我們想象的那般可怕，想要攻克它，其實(shí)不難。

第一，熟悉題干中出現(xiàn)的一些有規(guī)律的詞，數(shù)字類，大寫(xiě)類以及否定詞。

第二，加大同義詞積累的力度，在我們做其他題型時(shí)，我們就可以拿筆和紙記錄題干和文中定位的句子中出現(xiàn)的同義詞，經(jīng)過(guò)5-10篇閱讀文章的積累之后，我們會(huì)對(duì)同義轉(zhuǎn)化有新的認(rèn)識(shí)，不再簡(jiǎn)單地認(rèn)為它們意思一樣，而這也在潛移默化地幫助我們提高段落細(xì)節(jié)的正確率。

2023年雅思閱讀真題全面解析及答案(3)

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2023年雅思閱讀真題全面解析及答案(3)
Can Scientists tell us: What happiness is?
A
Economists accept that if people describe themselves as happy, then they are happy. However, psychologists differentiate between levels of happiness. The most immediate type involves a feeling; pleasure or joy. But sometimes happiness is a judgment that life is satisfying, and does not imply an emotional state. Esteemed psychologist Martin Seligman has spearheaded an effort to study the science of happiness. The bad news is that we're not wired to be happy. The good news is that we can do something about it. Since its origins in a Leipzig laboratory 130 years ago, psychology has had little to say about goodness and contentment. Mostly psychologists have concerned themselves with weakness and misery. There are libraries full of theories about why we get sad, worried, and angry. It hasn't been respectable science to study what happens when lives go well. Positive experiences, such as joy, kindness, altrui* and heroi*, have mainly been ignored. For every 100 psychology papers dealing with anxiety or depression, only one concerns a positive trait.
B
A few pioneers in experimental psychology bucked the trend. Professor Alice Isen of Cornell University and colleagues have demonstrated how positive emotions make people think faster and more creatively. Showing how easy it is to give people an intellectual boost, Isen divided doctors making a tricky diagnosis into three groups: one received candy, one read humanistic statements about medicine, one was a control group. The doctors who had candy displayed the most creative thinking and worked more efficiently. Inspired by Isen and others, Seligman got stuck in. He raised millions of dollars of research money and funded 50 research groups involving 150 scientists across the world. Four positive psychology centres opened, decorated in cheerful colours and furnished with sofas and baby-sitters. There were get-togethers on Mexican beaches where psychologists would snorkel and eat fajitas, then form "pods" to discuss subjects such as wonder and awe. A thousand therapists were coached in the new science.
C
But critics are demanding answers to big questions. What is the point of defining levels of happiness and classifying the virtues? Aren't these concepts vague and impossible to pin down? Can you justify spending funds to research positive states when there are problems such as famine, flood and epidemic depression to be solved? Seligman knows his work can be belittled alongside trite notions such as "the power of positive thinking". His plan to stop the new science floating "on the waves of self- improvement fashions" is to make sure it is anchored to positive philosophy above, and to positive biology below.
D
And this takes us back to our evolutionary past. Homo sapiens evolved during the Pleistocene era (1.8 m to 10,000 years ago), a time of hardship and turmoil. It was the Ice Age, and our ancestors endured long freezes as glaciers formed, then ferocious floods as the ice masses melted. We shared the planet with terrifying creatures such as mammoths, elephant-sized ground sloths and sabre-toothed cats. But by the end of the Pleistocene, all these animals were extinct. Humans, on the other hand, had evolved large brains and used their intelligence to make fire and sophisticated tools, to develop talk and social rituals. Survival in a time of adversity forged our brains into a persistent mould. Professor Seligman says: "Because our brain evolved during a time of ice, flood and famine, we have a catastrophic brain. The way the brain works is looking for what's wrong. The problem is, that worked in the Pleistocene era. It favoured you, but it doesn't work in the modem world."
E
Although most people rate themselves as happy, there is a wealth of evidence to show that negative thinking is deeply ingrained in the human psyche. Experiments show that we remember failures more vividly than successes. We dwell on what went badly, not what went well. Of the six universal emotions, four anger, fear, disgust and sadness are negative and only one, joy, is positive. The sixth, surprise, is psychologist Daniel Nettle, author of Happiness, and one of the Royal Institution lecturers, the negative emotions each tell us "something bad has happened" and suggest a different course of action.
F
What is it about the structure of the brain that underlies our bias towards negative thinking? And is there a biology of joy? At Iowa University, neuroscientists studied what happens when people are shown pleasant and unpleasant pictures. When subjects see landscapes or dolphins playing, part of the frontal lobe of the brain becomes active. But when they are shown unpleasant images a bird covered in oil, or a dead soldier with part of his face missing the response comes from more primitive parts of the brain. The ability to feel negative emotions derives from an ancient danger-recognition system formed early in the brain's evolution. The pre-frontal cortex, which registers happiness, is the part used for higher thinking, an area that evolved later in human history.
G
Our difficulty, according to Daniel Nettle, is that the brain systems for liking and wanting are separate. Wanting involves two ancient regions the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens that communicate using the chemical dopamine to form the brain's reward system. They are involved in anticipating the pleasure of eating and in addiction to drugs. A rat will press a bar repeatedly, ignoring sexually available partners, to receive electrical stimulation of the "wanting" parts of the brain. But having received brain stimulation, the rat eats more but shows no sign of enjoying the food it craved. In humans, a drug like nicotine produces much craving but little pleasure.
H
In essence, what the biology lesson tells us is that negative emotions are fundamental to the human condition, and ifs no wonder they are difficult to eradicate. At the same time, by a trick of nature, our brains are designed to crave but never really achieve lasting happiness.
Question 14-20
The reading passage has seven paragraphs A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-H, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.
14 An experiment involving dividing several groups one of which received positive icon
15 Review of a poorly researched psychology area
16 Contrast being made about the brain’s action as response to positive or negative stimulus
17 The skeptical attitude toward the research seemed to be a waste of fund
18 a substance that produces much wanting instead of much liking
19 a conclusion that lasting happiness are hardly obtained because of the nature of brains
20 One description that listed the human emotional categories
Question 21-25
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than four words from the Reading Passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 21-25 on your answer sheet.
A few pioneers in experimental psychology study what happens when lives go well. Professor Alice divided doctors, making a tricky experiment, into three groups: beside the one control group, the other two either are asked to read humanistic statements about drugs, or received …21... The latter displayed the most creative thinking and worked more efficiently. Since critics are questioning the significance of the …22…for both levels of happiness and classification for the virtues. Professor Seligman countered in an evolutional theory: survival in a time of adversity forged our brains into the way of thinking for what's wrong because we have a…23…
There is bountiful of evidence to show that negative thinking is deeply built in the human psyche. Later, at Iowa University, neuroscientists studied the active parts in brains to contrast when people are shown pleasant and unpleasant pictures. When positive images like…24…are shown, part of the frontal lobe of the brain becomes active. But when they are shown unpleasant image, the response comes from …25…of the brain.
Question 26
Write your answers in boxes 26 on your answer sheet.
Choose the correct letter. A, B, C or D.
According to Daniel Nettle in the last two paragraphs, what is true as the scientists can tell us about happiness
A Brain systems always mix liking and wanting together.
B Negative emotions can be easily rid of if we think positively.
C Happiness is like nicotine we are craving for but get little pleasure.
D The inner mechani* of human brains does not assist us to achieve durable happiness.
文章題目：科學(xué)家可以告訴我們什么是幸福嗎
篇章結(jié)構(gòu)
體裁
議論文
題目
科學(xué)家可以告訴我們什么是幸福嗎
結(jié)構(gòu)
(一句話概括每段大意)
A段: 關(guān)于幸福的早期心理學(xué)研究主流是負(fù)面情緒
B段: 少數(shù)心理學(xué)家研究正面情感帶給人的益處
C段: 批評(píng)家質(zhì)疑用積極思考來(lái)研究幸福的合理性
D段: 冰河世紀(jì)的古人類慣用消極思維模式
E段: 消極想法更容易被牢記
F段: 積極和消極想法的大腦結(jié)構(gòu)的生物學(xué)基礎(chǔ)
G段: 區(qū)分喜歡和欲望是研究幸福的難點(diǎn)
H段: 消極情緒是人類生存的基礎(chǔ)
試題分析
Question 14-26
題目類型：
題號(hào)
定位詞
文中對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)
題目解析
14
Three groups
B段第2句
B段講述了少數(shù)心理學(xué)家對(duì)積極情緒的研究。從第2句話開(kāi)始，文章詳述了實(shí)驗(yàn)的方法，題干中的positive icon指代文中的candy。
本題答案為B
15
Ignored，only
A段最后兩句
A段是關(guān)于早期心里學(xué)家研究幸福的方法。從該段最后兩句可以看出，積極的情緒在當(dāng)時(shí)的研究被ignored，并且在100個(gè)試驗(yàn)中，only one concerns a positive trait。這里的ignored/only/a都是在映射題干中的poorly researched。
本題答案選A
16
Structure of the brain
F段第1句
F段講述了積極和消極想法的大腦結(jié)構(gòu)的生物學(xué)基礎(chǔ)。從第一句話的structure of brain可以看出，本段會(huì)研究brain action。
本題答案選F
17
Critics, big question
C段第1句
C段是針對(duì)B段的觀點(diǎn)，批評(píng)家質(zhì)疑少數(shù)心理學(xué)家研究幸福的方式。從critics, big question, what is the point of…等地方，均可以看出題干中所述的skeptical attitude。
本題答案選C
18
Wanting, liking
G段第1句
G段落主要講wanting和liking的在大腦系統(tǒng)中的區(qū)別。從第1句開(kāi)始，該段多次出現(xiàn)wanting和liking。
所以本題答案選G
19
Brick of nature
H段第2句
H段是全文最后一段，所以很容易于題干中的conclusion聯(lián)系在一起。另外在H段第 2句也出現(xiàn)了brick of nature,指代題干中的nature of brains。
本題答案選H
20
Six universal emotion
E段中間
E段中提到了人類最基礎(chǔ)的六種情感，對(duì)應(yīng)題干中的human emotional categories。
本題答案選E
21
Candy
B段
B段中詳細(xì)描述了實(shí)驗(yàn)的三個(gè)分組情況。Into three groups: one received candy, one…
所以本題可以從原文中直接找到答案為candy。
22
What is the point of defining…
C段
從題干中的Since critics可得知此題對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的C段。該段第2句話what is the point of defining levels of happiness and classifying the virtues。所以本題需要填寫(xiě)define的名詞definition。
23
Professor Seligman, adversity
D段倒數(shù)第三局
D段倒數(shù)第3句：Professor Seligman says: because our brain evolved during a time of ice, flood and famine, we have a catastrophic brain。從題干中的Professor Seligman提示了答案應(yīng)該從這句話中尋找。另外題干中的adversity對(duì)應(yīng)了文章中的ice flood和famine。因此每題應(yīng)該填catastrophic brain
24
Pleasant picture
E段第3句
E段第3句 講述了pleasant and unpleasant picture對(duì)人類大腦的影響，之后緊接著提到了landscapes and dolphins playing?？梢?jiàn)這里的positive image應(yīng)該填文章中對(duì)應(yīng)的pleasant picture，即landscapes and dolphins playing。
25
Unpleasant images
E段第4句
此題答案緊接著上一題。作者在E段中描述了pleasant picture之后，緊接著提到了unpleasant image(picture)。在該句的末尾處comes from more primitive parts of the brain可以找到改題的答案為 more primitive parts
26
Separate, deeply ingrained, wanting and liking, lasting happiness
E、G、H段
A選項(xiàng): G段的第一句話brain system for liking and wanting are separate，因此選項(xiàng)中的mix together是錯(cuò)誤的。
B選項(xiàng): 在E段中，作者主要表述了消極思想和情感在大腦中會(huì)留下深刻的記憶，并很難被抹去: negative thinking is deeply ingrained in the human psyche。Deeply ingrained和題干中的be easily rid of矛盾。
C選項(xiàng)：G段最后一句，drug like nicotine produces much craving but little pleasure?？此婆c題干很吻合但是卻在意思上大相徑庭。G段的核心思想是在強(qiáng)調(diào)happiness和滿足wanting后的satisfaction是兩個(gè)概念。題干中的nicotine只是滿足了人類大腦的wanting，但是不會(huì)帶來(lái)pleasant，更不會(huì)帶來(lái)happiness。所以這個(gè)選項(xiàng)也是錯(cuò)誤的。
D選項(xiàng)：H段最后一句，our brain are designed to crave but never really achieve lasting happiness意思與題干一致，表述了由于大腦結(jié)構(gòu)導(dǎo)致了很難持續(xù)或者幸福感。
所以本題選D
參考譯文：
科學(xué)家可以告訴我們什么是幸福嗎
A
經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為，如果人們會(huì)把自己描述成幸福的，那么他們就是幸福的.然而 心理學(xué)家卻要區(qū)分不同幸福感之間的差別。幸福最中等的水平是一種開(kāi)心或是快樂(lè)的感覺(jué)。但是有時(shí)幸福是對(duì)生活的一種評(píng)判，認(rèn)為生活是令人滿意的，而這似乎是不涉及感情范疇的。受人敬仰的心理學(xué)家Martin Seligman率先致力于關(guān)于幸福的研究。不幸的是，我們并不是天生就會(huì)感到幸福;而所幸的是，我們可以做一些關(guān)于幸福的事情。關(guān)于幸福的研究最早要追溯 到130年前在Leipzig的實(shí)驗(yàn)室，那時(shí)心理學(xué)對(duì)“善良”和“滿足”還知之甚少， 大部分的心理學(xué)家都在研究“軟弱”和“痛苦”。圖書(shū)館里的書(shū)涉及的理論都是關(guān)于我們?yōu)槭裁磿?huì)悲傷，擔(dān)憂和生氣這類的情緒。研究生活乎順時(shí)發(fā)生的事情在當(dāng)時(shí)看來(lái)是不靠譜的。積極正面的體驗(yàn)，比如說(shuō)快樂(lè)，善良，利他主義和英雄主義在當(dāng)時(shí)常常是被人們忽略的。在每100篇關(guān)于焦慮和壓抑的心理學(xué)論文中，只有一篇會(huì)涉及積極的心理狀態(tài)。
B
少數(shù)的實(shí)驗(yàn)心理學(xué)家引領(lǐng)了有關(guān)幸福研究的潮流?？的螤柎髮W(xué)的Alice Isen教授和她的同事致力于研究正面的情感如何讓人們思維更敏捷以及更有創(chuàng)造力。為了展示正面的情感是怎樣迅速地提升一個(gè)人的智力，Isen教授通過(guò)一個(gè)巧妙的診斷將參加實(shí)驗(yàn)的醫(yī)生分為3組：一組收到了糖果，一組朗讀人本主義的宜言，一組則作為控制對(duì)照組，(實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明，)收到糖果的醫(yī)生的思維更具創(chuàng)造性同時(shí)工作也更高效，受到Isen教授和其他人的啟發(fā)，Seligman也投身關(guān)于幸描的研究，他等集到了幾百萬(wàn)美金的研究經(jīng)費(fèi)，用以資助全世界150名科學(xué)家組成的50個(gè)研究小組。4家“積極心理學(xué)”中心成立，用令人愉悅的顏色裝飾， 配有沙發(fā)和保姆。心理學(xué)家聚集在墨西哥的沙灘上享受著潛水的樂(lè)趣，品嘗墨西哥菜肴f(wàn)ajitas，他們還分成小組討論有關(guān)“夸跡”和“敬畏"的話題。還有一千名臨床醫(yī)學(xué)家接受這項(xiàng)新科學(xué)項(xiàng)目的培訓(xùn)。
C
但是一些批評(píng)家要求心理學(xué)家回答一些重大的問(wèn)題，比如說(shuō)，什么是定義不同幸福水平的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及如何將這些特點(diǎn)分類?這些關(guān)于幸福的概念難道不是糢糊不清而且無(wú)法被這實(shí)的嗎?當(dāng)四處還有饑荒，洪水和經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條的時(shí)候，將這些研究基金用于積極心態(tài)的研究合適嗎?Seligman知道他的工作會(huì)被別人輕看，還可能會(huì)被人冠以諸如“積極思考的力量”此類的陳詞濫調(diào)。因此，為了讓這樣新的科學(xué)研究不要浮于自我滿足的狀態(tài)，就要確保這項(xiàng)研完和“枳極心理學(xué)”相聯(lián)系，又以“枳極生物學(xué)”作為基礎(chǔ)。
D
這就需要我們回到人類的進(jìn)化史，人類是從更新世時(shí)代(180萬(wàn)到1萬(wàn)年前)開(kāi)始進(jìn)化的，那是一個(gè)充滿艱難和動(dòng)蕩的時(shí)代。在冰河世紀(jì)，我們的祖先先是忍受冰川形成的寒冷，然后是冰川消融時(shí)的泛濫的洪水。人們還得和那些令人毛骨悚然的生物比如說(shuō)猛犸象和體型如大象般巨大的地懶以及長(zhǎng)著銳利犬牙的貓共同生存。但是到了更新世的末期，所有的這些動(dòng)物都滅絕了，人類卻進(jìn)化出了腦容量更大的大腦，并且通過(guò)自己的智力學(xué)會(huì)生火和*較復(fù)雜的工具，還學(xué)會(huì)了說(shuō)話并且形成了一些社會(huì)禮儀。在逆境中生存將人類變得更加有恒心和毅力。Seligman教授說(shuō)道：“因?yàn)槲覀兊拇竽X是在一個(gè)充滿冰川，洪水和饑荒的年代進(jìn)化來(lái)的，我們的大腦經(jīng)歷了太多患難—災(zāi)難性，所以我們的大腦的運(yùn)作模式就是 “發(fā)現(xiàn)哪里出了問(wèn)題”。但問(wèn)題是，這在更新世那樣的時(shí)代是起作用的，在那時(shí)這對(duì)人類是有益的，但是在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)就不起作用了。
E
盡管大多數(shù)人評(píng)價(jià)自己很幸福，但是大量證據(jù)顯示消極的想法還是在人類心中根深蒂固。實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示，較成功而言，失敗更容易被我們牢牢記住。我們總是在思想一些不順利的事情，而不是那些順利的好的事情。在6種基本的情緒中，有4種是消極的，它們是：生氣，害怕，厭惡和悲傷，而只有一種是積極的，它就是喜悅。(第6種情緒是驚奇，屬于中性。)心理學(xué)家同時(shí)也是《幸?！愤@本書(shū)的作者Daniel Nettle和皇家學(xué)院的一位學(xué)者認(rèn)為，消極的情緒總是告訴我們“一些不好的事情已經(jīng)發(fā)生了”，從而會(huì)讓我們采取不一樣的行動(dòng)。
F
究竟是什么樣的大腦結(jié)構(gòu)讓我們會(huì)傾向于有消極的想法呢?“快樂(lè)”這樣的情緒有生物學(xué)基礎(chǔ)嗎?愛(ài)荷華大學(xué)的神經(jīng)學(xué)家研究了當(dāng)人們看到令人愉悅的圖片和讓人不舒服的圖片時(shí)的情況。當(dāng)人們看到風(fēng)景或是海豚玩耍時(shí)，大腦的額葉會(huì)變得活躍。但是當(dāng)他們看到一些讓人不舒服的圖片比如說(shuō)一只小鳥(niǎo)被埋在土里時(shí)，或是一個(gè)戰(zhàn)死的戰(zhàn)士面部還有部分缺失時(shí)，大腦最原始的部分會(huì)做出反應(yīng)。這種識(shí)別消極情緒的能力是從古時(shí)候大腦進(jìn)化早期形成的危險(xiǎn)識(shí)別系統(tǒng)來(lái)的。大腦前額葉皮質(zhì)是產(chǎn)生幸福感的部位，是用來(lái)進(jìn)行一些高級(jí)的思考，是人類晚些時(shí)期進(jìn)化來(lái)的。
G
據(jù)Daniel Nettle所言，研究的困難在于大腦對(duì)于“喜歡”和“欲望”(wanting and liking)的機(jī)制是分開(kāi)的，“欲望”涉及兩個(gè)最初大腦發(fā)育的部位，也就是扁桃體和神經(jīng)大腦區(qū)，它們通過(guò)化學(xué)多巴酚傳遞信息來(lái)形成大腦的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)機(jī)制。它們常常是讓人們很期待吃完?yáng)|西的*或是對(duì)藥品上癮。小白鼠會(huì)不停地?fù)舸驏艡趤?lái)獲取對(duì)大腦“欲望”情緒的電*，而忽略異性同伴，但是獲得大腦*的小白鼠雖然吃得更多，但是并沒(méi)有跡象表明它在吃到自己渴想的食物后有一種滿足感。對(duì)人而言，像尼古丁這樣的物質(zhì)會(huì)讓人想要攝取更多但是卻帶來(lái)很少的*。
H
從本質(zhì)上來(lái)看，生物課可以告訴我們消極的情緒是人類生存的基本情緒，所以難怪它很難根除。與此同時(shí)，讓人覺(jué)得很詭異的是，我們的大腦總是想要的很多，但是卻很難真正得到持續(xù)的幸福感。
參考答案:
Version 19104 主題 幸福的科學(xué)解釋
14
B
15
A
16
F
17
C
18
G
19
H
20
E
21
Candy
22
definition
23
a catastrophic brain
24
landscapes or dolphins playing
25
(more) primitive parts
26
D

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2023年1月18日雅思閱讀真題回憶解析

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18日的雅思考試感覺(jué)怎么樣，備考的學(xué)生格外注意了，真題和解析是如何呢?想必是不少出國(guó)人士感興趣的話題。和小鐘老師雅思欄目一起來(lái)看看2023年1月18日雅思閱讀真題回憶解析，歡迎閱讀。
2023年1月18日雅思閱讀真題回憶解析
考題難度：中偏難
Passage 1
題目
Savingthe Date Palms
話題分類
自然科學(xué)
題型及對(duì)應(yīng)數(shù)量
判斷題：7個(gè)
填空題：6個(gè)
內(nèi)容回憶
埃爾切城市的棗棕櫚樹(shù)的實(shí)驗(yàn)介紹，生長(zhǎng)背景，克隆樹(shù)在秘魯、伊朗、埃及的引入，改良后更甜更大的果實(shí)，灌溉系統(tǒng)與未來(lái)。
一、判斷
1.Elchewas the first place to grow date palms.FALSE
2.Clonedelche produced greater number than other varieties.NOTGIVEN（沒(méi)提到其他variety，只說(shuō)了inthe wild）
3.TRUE
4.Tools used in Elche were similar to those elsewhere.FALSE
5.It is hardto tell the difference between climbing ropes and ordinary cord.TRUE
6.It was rewarded World Heritage because of beauty of its surrounding regions.FALSE
7.Tourists surprised due to the huge number of date palms.TRUE
二、填空題：
8.Thedate palm trees were introduced toPeru,where they had never been grown before.（原文第2段）
9.Datepalm trees would be brought to Iran and Egypt for its problems ofdiseases.
10.Date Palm trees in Elche is regarded as amuseum.(第7段同義替換)
11.There are about200,000in the Elche center. (第7段)
12.Gatescontrol the flow of the river (第8段)
13.200 millimeters
Passage 2
題目
Culture inWest Africa
話題分類
人文科學(xué)
題型及數(shù)量
段落信息配對(duì)題：8個(gè)
多選題：2個(gè)
填空題：3個(gè)
內(nèi)容回憶
歐洲文化與非洲文化異同，家庭結(jié)構(gòu).住房類型、家族觀念傳承，祖先崇拜、文字、教育特點(diǎn)和體系。
一、段落信息配對(duì)題：
14.spiritualbeliefs common in West AfricaE
15.linkbetween heredity and occupationF
16.subjects children conventionally learnedH
17.restriction on social relationshipsC
18.link between custom and geographical featuresG
19.definition of a term for relationship between generationsC
20.a form of writing important to certain areas　F
21.use of domestic buildingsB
二、多選題：22-23
22.Whichtwo are mentioned by the author about African education?
C usually starts at maturity of children替換puberty
23.E mainly conducted by family members
三、填空：
24.The family in west Africa rely mostly onfarming.2段
25.Peoplefromnoble lineagebecome leaders.3段
26.Theannual precipitation in the local area is about200.
Passage 3
題目
Mastery of Multitasking
話題分類
社會(huì)科學(xué)
題型及數(shù)量
1.有選項(xiàng)填空題：5個(gè)；
2.單項(xiàng)選擇題：5個(gè)；
3.判斷題：4個(gè)
內(nèi)容回憶
概念、不同科學(xué)家研究、不符合大腦運(yùn)行方式、浪費(fèi)時(shí)間、技術(shù)下成長(zhǎng)起來(lái)的小孩，危害，未來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)
一、有選項(xiàng)填空題：
27.practical
28.excited
29.promoted
30.questioned
31.interrupted
二、單項(xiàng)選擇題：
32.Rene Marois believed that
Cmultitasking slows people’s choice between tasks
33.brain scans show what differences between people multitasking and those who do not
34.Russel Poldrack believed that multitasking
A forces people to think in an unnatural way
35.The author included Kaiser Foundation to show that
A how fast multitasking is growing
36.william James thinks that a mature mind
D can refocuses after distraction
三、判斷題：
37.People desired to be more concentrated now.FALSE
38.In the future, rate of gadget development will speed up.
NOT GIVEN
39.In the future，peoplemay be accustomed to over-stimulation.YES
40.Overall effect of multitasking on society may be negative.YES
上一場(chǎng)雅思閱讀考試回顧：
Passage 1
題目石油
話題分類社會(huì)科學(xué)
題型及對(duì)應(yīng)數(shù)量T/F/NG(判斷題) 7
Short Answer Questions(填空題) 6
內(nèi)容回憶文章大意：城市擴(kuò)張能源緊缺，需要尋找新能源替代傳統(tǒng)能源，有人對(duì)此進(jìn)行了研究，并投資建立了公司。
答案：
1-7)判斷
1. 城市擴(kuò)張需要這種石油去取代傳統(tǒng)能源 True
2. 提取這種石油成分的科學(xué)家對(duì)于生產(chǎn)這種能源沒(méi)有興趣。 False
3. 很多人聲稱提取出來(lái)的成分是可以用來(lái)治療疾病的。 NG
4. 研究人是相信這種成分是可以作為燃料來(lái)使用的。 TRUE
5. In the 1985s, 裝這種石油的容器比這種石油本身要貴。 TRUE
6. FALSE
7. 第一條管道的建立收到了工人的*。 TRUE
8-13)問(wèn)答
8. 創(chuàng)建的公司叫什么名字。 standard oil
9. oil refiners
10. 一個(gè)人從亞洲運(yùn)回的除了油還有什么東西。 sugar
11. 運(yùn)輸用的紅的桶使用什么材料制成的。 Welsh tin
12. 為什么做慈善，因?yàn)榈昧?關(guān)節(jié)炎
13. 在什么領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行了投資： Medical research
Passage 2
題目Yawning 打哈欠
話題分類人文科學(xué)
題型及數(shù)量段落信息匹配 5
細(xì)節(jié)信息匹配 4
Summary(填空題) 4
內(nèi)容回憶文章大意：對(duì)于打哈欠的研究
答案回憶：
14-18)Matching
1. C imagining leads to yawning
2. D occupation and inclination to yawning
3. A overview of research
4. B body temperature and yawning
5. B disapprove of a theory
19-22) Matching
有三個(gè)學(xué)校進(jìn)行了研究，將三個(gè)學(xué)校跟四個(gè)研究成果進(jìn)行配對(duì)
6. B not difference in gender
7. C mental disorder
8. A the way we breathe
9. B trained yawn more than the untrained
23-26)Summary
10. bond
11. danger
12. rest
13. a communication system
Passage 3
題目Cinematographer 新西蘭電影
話題分類人文科學(xué)
題型及數(shù)量Y/N/NG(判斷題) 4
Multiple Choices(選擇題) 5
Summary(填空題) 5
內(nèi)容回憶文章大意：介紹了新西蘭的電影業(yè)，一開(kāi)始文章提到了大家不了解電影攝影師的重要性也不了解攝影師和導(dǎo)演之間的關(guān)系。文章介紹了一名攝影師，這個(gè)攝影師在藝術(shù)和技術(shù)方面都很優(yōu)秀，與優(yōu)秀的女演員合作，兩個(gè)人創(chuàng)造了很多經(jīng)典的銀幕形象。文章介紹了新西蘭電影的發(fā)展以及對(duì)其的一些評(píng)價(jià)。
答案回憶：
27-30)判斷題
1. cinematographer 作用是幫助觀眾把關(guān)注點(diǎn)放在導(dǎo)演希望他們注意的點(diǎn)上。 YES
2. cinematographer 和director關(guān)系差 NG
3. 電影攝影師需要藝術(shù)和技術(shù)方面的能力。 YES
4. 兩個(gè)人(一個(gè)攝影師一個(gè)女演員)工作時(shí)關(guān)系差。 NG
31-36)選擇題
5. 文章講新西蘭電影是為想要說(shuō)明什么： 說(shuō)明新西蘭早期電影比較簡(jiǎn)單，跟其他國(guó)家比，較差。
6. 講的一部新西蘭電影(兩個(gè)單詞開(kāi)頭都是B) 這個(gè)電影跟新西蘭其他電影相比取得了突破，比較成功。
7. 還是說(shuō)這部新西蘭電影，說(shuō)攝影師用了什么拍攝手法： 用比較個(gè)人的風(fēng)格展示了一個(gè)國(guó)家，城市和人民
8. 講問(wèn)一個(gè)導(dǎo)演的第二部電影，(攝影師換了，換成了新人，手法比較寫(xiě)實(shí)，跟上一部不一樣)，選的是這部電影有unique version.
9. 講的還是這個(gè)導(dǎo)演第三部電影，問(wèn)作者覺(jué)得他這部電影不好在哪里：故事線過(guò)于松散story line(loose).
36-40) Summary(選詞填空)
10. 文章講了70年代電影關(guān)注countryside，選項(xiàng)rural areas
11. 文章講難度在environment， 選項(xiàng)：weather
12. 講解決問(wèn)題的：rental company
13. 還有一個(gè)問(wèn)題是通過(guò)解決，文章說(shuō)management，選項(xiàng)是：good leadership
14. 最后一個(gè)是新西蘭電影從業(yè)者與世界其他地方比的優(yōu)勢(shì)：文章說(shuō)大家一起合作。選項(xiàng)是greater equality
以上是小編整理的2023年1月18日雅思考試真題回憶解析，謝謝瀏覽。

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