2023年雅思閱讀考試精選習(xí)題及答案（3）（5月15日雅思閱讀考試真題答案）

小編今天整理了一些2023年雅思閱讀考試精選習(xí)題及答案（3）（5月15日雅思閱讀考試真題答案）相關(guān)內(nèi)容，希望能夠幫到大家。

本文目錄一覽：

• 1、2023年雅思閱讀考試精選習(xí)題及答案（3）
• 2、2021年5月15日雅思閱讀考試真題答案
• 3、2023年雅思閱讀真題全面解析及答案(3)

2023年雅思閱讀考試精選習(xí)題及答案（3）

您好，我是專注留學(xué)考試規(guī)劃和留學(xué)咨詢的小鐘老師。在追尋留學(xué)夢想的路上，選擇合適的學(xué)校和專業(yè)，準備相關(guān)考試，都可能讓人感到迷茫和困擾。作為一名有經(jīng)驗的留學(xué)顧問，我在此為您提供全方位的專業(yè)咨詢和指導(dǎo)。歡迎隨時提問！
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2023年雅思閱讀考試精選習(xí)題及答案(3)
Talc Powder
A Peter Brigg discovers how talc from Luzenac's Trimouns in France find its way into food and agricultural products - from chewing gum to olive oil. High in the French Pyrenees, some 1,700m above sea level, lies Trimouns, a huge deposit of hydrated magnesium silicate - talc to you and me. Talc from Trimouns, and from ten other Luzenac mines across the globe, is used in the manufacture of a vast array of everyday products extending from paper, paint and plaster to co*etics, plastics and car tyres. And of course there is always talc's best known end use: talcum powder for babies1 bottoms. But the true versatility of this remarkable mineral is nowhere better displayed than in its sometimes surprising use in certain niche markets in the food and agriculture industries.
B Take, for example, the chewing gum business. Every year, Talc de Luzenac France - which owns and operates the Trimouns mine and is a member of the international Luzenac Group (art of Rio Tinto minerals) supplies about 6,000 tones of talc to chewing gum manufacturers in Europe. "We've been selling to this sector of the market since the 1960s," says Laurent Fournier, sales manager in Luzenac's Specialties business unit in Toulouse. "Admittedly, in terms of our total annual sales of talc, the amount we supply to chewing gum manufacturers is relatively *all, but we see it as a valuable niche market: one where customers place a premium on securing supplies from a reliable, high quality source. Because of this, long term allegiance to a proven suppler is very much a feature of this sector of die talc market." Switching sources - in the way that you might choose to buy, say, paperclips from Supplier A rather than from Supplier B - is not an easy option for chewing gum manufacturers." Fournier says. "The cost of reformulating is high, so when customers are using a talc grade that works, even if it's expensive, they are understandably reluctant to switch."
C But how is talc actually used in the manufacture of chewing gum? Patrick Delord, an engineer with a degree in agronomics, who has been with Luzenac for 22 years and is now senior market development manager, Agriculture and Food, in Europe, explains that chewing gums has four main components. "The most important of them is the gum base," he says. "It's the gum base that puts the chew into chewing gum. It binds all the ingredients together, creating a soft, *ooth texture. To this the manufacturer then adds sweeteners, softeners and flavourings. Our talc is used as a filler in the gum base. The amount vanes between, say, ten and 35 per cent, depending on the type of gum. Fruit flavoured chewing gum, for example, is slightly acidic and would react with the calcium carbonate that the manufacturer might otherwise use as a filler. Talc, on the other hand, makes an ideal filler because it's non-reactive chemically. In the factory, talc is also used to dust the gum base pellets and to stop the chewing gum sticking during the lamination and packing process," Delord adds.
D The chewing gum business is, however, just one example of talc's use in the food sector. For the past 20 years or so, olive oil processors in Spain have been taking advantage of talc's unique characteristics to help them boost the amount of oil they extract from crushed olives According to Patrick Delord, talc is especially useful for treating what he calls "difficult" olives. After the olives are harvested - preferably early in the morning because their taste is better if they are gathered in the cool of the day they are taken to the processing plant. There they arc crushed and then stirred for 30-45 minutes. In the old days, the resulting paste was passed through an olive press but nowadays it's more common to add water and (K-6IH) the mixture to separate the water and oil from the solid matter The oil and water are then allowed to settle so that the olive oil layer can be )and bottled. “Difficult” olives are those that are more reluctant than the norm to yield up their full oil content. This may be attributable to the particular species of olive, or to its water content and the time of year the olives arc collected - at the beginning and the end of the season their water content is often either too high or too low. These olives are easy to recognize because they produce a lot of extra foam during the stirring process, a consequence of an excess of a fine solid that acts as a natural emulsifier. The oil in this emulsion is lost when the water is disposed of. Not only that, if the waste water is disposed of directly into local fields - often the case in many *aller processing operations - the emulsified oil may take some time to biodegrade and so be harmful to the environment.
E "If you add between a half and two percent of talc by weight during the stirring process, it absorbs the natural emulsifier in the olives and so boosts the amount of oil you can extract," says Delord. "In addition, talc's flat, 'platey' structure helps increase the size of the oil droplets liberated during stirring, which again improves the yield. However, because talc is chemically inert, it doesn't affect the color, taste, appearance or composition of the resulting olive oil."
F If the use of talc in olive oil processing and in chewing gum is long established, new applications in the food and agriculture industries arc also constantly being sought by Luzenac. One such promising new market is fruit crop protection, being pioneered in the US. Just like people, fruit can get sunburned. In fact, in very sunny regions up to 45 per cent of a typical crop can be affected by heat stress and sunburn However, in the case of fruit, it's not so much the ultra violet rays which harm the crop as the high surface temperature that the sun's rays create.
G To combat this, farmers normally use either chemicals or spray a continuous fine canopy of mist above the fruit frees or bushes. The trouble is, this uses a lot of water - normally a precious commodity in hot, sunny areas - and it is therefore expensive. What's more, the ground can quickly become waterlogged. "So our idea was to coat the fruit with talc to protect it from the sun," says Greg Hunter, a marketing specialist who has been with Luzenac for ten years. "But to do this, several technical challenges had first to be overcome. Talc is very hydrophobic: it doesn't like water. So in order to have a viable product we needed a wettable powder - something that would go readily into suspension so that it could be sprayed onto the fruit. It also had to break the surface tension of the cutin (the natural waxy, waterproof layer on the fruit) and of course it had to wash off easily when the fruit was harvested. No-one's going to want an apple that's covered in talc."
H Initial trials in the state of Washington in 2023 showed that when the product was sprayed onto Granny Smith apples, it reduced their surface temperature and lowered the incidence of sunburn by up to 60 per cent. Today the new product, known as Invelop Maximum SPF, is in its second commercial year on the US market. Apple growers are the primary target although Hunter believes grape growers represent another sector with long term potential. He is also hopeful of extending sales to overseas markets such as Australia, South America and southern Europe.

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2021年5月15日雅思閱讀考試真題答案

想要順利的通過雅思考試，了解雅思的考試真題是非常有必要的，對于在閱讀部分有困難的同學(xué)，可以去做一下考試的真題，分享了2021年5月15日雅思閱讀考試真題答案。

2021年5月15日雅思閱讀考試真題答案

Passage1：噪音

難易度：難

題型：填空+匹配+單選

1. 85 dBa

2. hearing （impairment）

3. high-frequency

4. stomach （contractions）

5. noise map

6. B

7. D

8. C

9. E

10. A

11. C

12. D

13. C

Passage2：復(fù)活滅絕動物

難易度：難

題型：段落匹配+填空+人名匹配

待回憶

Passage3：電視

難易度：一般

題型：段落匹配+單選+人名匹配

28-32 段落匹配

28.ii

29.vi

30.vii

31.i

32.v

33-35 單選

33.A

34.D

35.C

36-40 人名匹配

36.D

37.E

38.A

39.C

40.F

影響閱讀拿分的因素

1.詞匯

第一個影響雅思閱讀分數(shù)的因素就是詞匯。必須在閱讀文章中記憶，每篇文章做完題目，要整理一下單詞，然后再運用到閱讀其他文章中去，這叫從閱讀中來，會閱讀中去。效果比較明顯。不要盲目地擴充大量單詞，要有針對性，針對雅思閱讀，要知道雅思閱讀?？寄切┰~。這可從廣泛接觸雅思閱讀文章中，對單詞有感覺。

2.語法

第二個是語法。閱讀中很多題目是在考查語法，都是暗地里考。特別是主觀題，還有題目與原文的一些改寫，都是建立在語法的基礎(chǔ)上的。我們要注意一些關(guān)系，比如說對比對照關(guān)系，因果關(guān)系，因為兩事物一旦有了關(guān)系，就熱鬧了，就比較好出題了。

3.邏輯關(guān)系

第三個是邏輯關(guān)系。雅思有個別難題不光是考查大家的英文水平，同時還在考查大家的邏輯思維能力。有些題目就是在這個環(huán)節(jié)出了問題，全部單詞都認識，就是題做不對。這樣的題多是判斷題和單選題。

4.文章的背景

第四個是文章的背景。這是影響雅思閱讀分數(shù)最不明顯的因素。雅思閱讀文章的背景我們也要熟悉，比如交通能源污染，這是雅思考試永恒的話題。我們必須積累這方面的常識，背景。另外還有建筑，動植物，醫(yī)療健康，公司管理，高科技等等。

5.題目的類型

第五個是雅思閱讀題目的類型。其實這是影響雅思閱讀分數(shù)的最明顯的因素。十多種題目類型可以進行以下劃分，實力題與技巧題，必考題與選考題，主觀題與客觀題。這樣的話，考生就比較容易把握題目類型了，而且可以根據(jù)自己的實際水平，調(diào)整做題的先后順序。比如說，一個實力稍微弱點的學(xué)生，就要先去找填圖填表，匹配，簡答這類的題目做。而像判斷題能做就做，如果有的連題干都看不懂，那只能根據(jù)一般規(guī)律去做，也就是蒙。這是沒有辦法的辦法。但總比你在那浪費上十多分鐘強，但也不能空著。

雅思閱讀題型介紹

多重選擇題型 （maltiple-choice tasks）；

IELTS閱讀測試中多重選擇題型與toefl測試中的多重選擇題型雖然類似，但實質(zhì)上差別很大。ielt閱讀測試中的多重選擇題型更多側(cè)重于對文章的理解，而非強調(diào)語法、詞法的運用。

完成句子題型 （sentence completion tasks）；

這種題目比較花時間，需要考生根據(jù)選項在文章仔細的尋找相關(guān)的信息，這也是考察考生篩選信息和提取信息的能力。題目會給出句子的一部分內(nèi)容，沒有給出的部分便要求考生在文章中去找，或者給你選項讓你選一個。

摘要（summary）、填空題型 （gapfill）；

填空題通常有兩種形式：一種是根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容選擇詞或短語填空，一般是為閱讀文章的縮寫內(nèi)容進行填空；另一種則無參考文章，只是一篇短文。第1種題型相對第二種題型較難，所花費時間較多，因為要將兩篇文章進行語句、詞語的比較。不過這種縮寫形式對于理解所給閱讀文章有所幫助。第二種形式是利用所給單詞或短語進行填空。

配對題（matching）；

這種題型也是考察考生的信息篩選能力。這種題型較為普遍，配對的范圍主要包括新產(chǎn)品的發(fā)明家、發(fā)明時間，事件和事件的發(fā)展經(jīng)過，事件發(fā)生的原因和結(jié)果，文章內(nèi)容中概念的解釋和標志性事物及其所處的年代等等。

完成圖表、示意圖題型（table、chart or diagram completion）；

這種題目便是要求考生將圖標的信息補全。在雅思閱讀中，會出現(xiàn)很多的圖表和示意圖，這些圖表中的文字內(nèi)容不多，但是問題的答案都包含在圖表之中，需要考生自己去填補。

回答問題（short-answer question tasks）；

回答問題是根據(jù)所給文章或圖表回答問題。這種題目是考察考生對信息的篩選和提取能力，比如在IELTS閱讀測試中通常是用下列單詞提問：. what、which、when、where、who、whose、whom、why、 how 等。除了利用上述單詞進行提問外，有時會在答題指引中將所提問題列出。

辨別正誤題型（True / false /not given）；

該題型還涉及到：（not given / not mentioned）沒有提到，有時還會出現(xiàn)下列提法accurat / inaccurat 準確/不準確；supported / contradicted 一致/不一致。correct / incorrect 正確與不正確。辨別正誤題型屬于難度較大的題型。通常在閱讀測試中的第三或 第四部分出現(xiàn)。

paragraph headings（段落標題）較頻繁的題型之一；

一般來說有10個左右的標題選項會給出在閱讀文章的后面，其中會包含一到兩個段落和其標題的例子。這種題目要求考生對給出的段落在文章內(nèi)容中找出與其相匹配的段落標題，雖然題目給出的標題會應(yīng)用于多個段落，但是在正式的考試中，一個選項只能適用于一個段落。

2023年雅思閱讀真題全面解析及答案(3)

您好，我是專注留學(xué)考試規(guī)劃和留學(xué)咨詢的小鐘老師。在追尋留學(xué)夢想的路上，選擇合適的學(xué)校和專業(yè)，準備相關(guān)考試，都可能讓人感到迷茫和困擾。作為一名有經(jīng)驗的留學(xué)顧問，我在此為您提供全方位的專業(yè)咨詢和指導(dǎo)。歡迎隨時提問！
小鐘老師為大家?guī)?023年雅思閱讀真題全面解析及答案(3)，歡迎大家參考!更多相關(guān)內(nèi)容請關(guān)注本站!
2023年雅思閱讀真題全面解析及答案(3)
Can Scientists tell us: What happiness is?
A
Economists accept that if people describe themselves as happy, then they are happy. However, psychologists differentiate between levels of happiness. The most immediate type involves a feeling; pleasure or joy. But sometimes happiness is a judgment that life is satisfying, and does not imply an emotional state. Esteemed psychologist Martin Seligman has spearheaded an effort to study the science of happiness. The bad news is that we're not wired to be happy. The good news is that we can do something about it. Since its origins in a Leipzig laboratory 130 years ago, psychology has had little to say about goodness and contentment. Mostly psychologists have concerned themselves with weakness and misery. There are libraries full of theories about why we get sad, worried, and angry. It hasn't been respectable science to study what happens when lives go well. Positive experiences, such as joy, kindness, altrui* and heroi*, have mainly been ignored. For every 100 psychology papers dealing with anxiety or depression, only one concerns a positive trait.
B
A few pioneers in experimental psychology bucked the trend. Professor Alice Isen of Cornell University and colleagues have demonstrated how positive emotions make people think faster and more creatively. Showing how easy it is to give people an intellectual boost, Isen divided doctors making a tricky diagnosis into three groups: one received candy, one read humanistic statements about medicine, one was a control group. The doctors who had candy displayed the most creative thinking and worked more efficiently. Inspired by Isen and others, Seligman got stuck in. He raised millions of dollars of research money and funded 50 research groups involving 150 scientists across the world. Four positive psychology centres opened, decorated in cheerful colours and furnished with sofas and baby-sitters. There were get-togethers on Mexican beaches where psychologists would snorkel and eat fajitas, then form "pods" to discuss subjects such as wonder and awe. A thousand therapists were coached in the new science.
C
But critics are demanding answers to big questions. What is the point of defining levels of happiness and classifying the virtues? Aren't these concepts vague and impossible to pin down? Can you justify spending funds to research positive states when there are problems such as famine, flood and epidemic depression to be solved? Seligman knows his work can be belittled alongside trite notions such as "the power of positive thinking". His plan to stop the new science floating "on the waves of self- improvement fashions" is to make sure it is anchored to positive philosophy above, and to positive biology below.
D
And this takes us back to our evolutionary past. Homo sapiens evolved during the Pleistocene era (1.8 m to 10,000 years ago), a time of hardship and turmoil. It was the Ice Age, and our ancestors endured long freezes as glaciers formed, then ferocious floods as the ice masses melted. We shared the planet with terrifying creatures such as mammoths, elephant-sized ground sloths and sabre-toothed cats. But by the end of the Pleistocene, all these animals were extinct. Humans, on the other hand, had evolved large brains and used their intelligence to make fire and sophisticated tools, to develop talk and social rituals. Survival in a time of adversity forged our brains into a persistent mould. Professor Seligman says: "Because our brain evolved during a time of ice, flood and famine, we have a catastrophic brain. The way the brain works is looking for what's wrong. The problem is, that worked in the Pleistocene era. It favoured you, but it doesn't work in the modem world."
E
Although most people rate themselves as happy, there is a wealth of evidence to show that negative thinking is deeply ingrained in the human psyche. Experiments show that we remember failures more vividly than successes. We dwell on what went badly, not what went well. Of the six universal emotions, four anger, fear, disgust and sadness are negative and only one, joy, is positive. The sixth, surprise, is psychologist Daniel Nettle, author of Happiness, and one of the Royal Institution lecturers, the negative emotions each tell us "something bad has happened" and suggest a different course of action.
F
What is it about the structure of the brain that underlies our bias towards negative thinking? And is there a biology of joy? At Iowa University, neuroscientists studied what happens when people are shown pleasant and unpleasant pictures. When subjects see landscapes or dolphins playing, part of the frontal lobe of the brain becomes active. But when they are shown unpleasant images a bird covered in oil, or a dead soldier with part of his face missing the response comes from more primitive parts of the brain. The ability to feel negative emotions derives from an ancient danger-recognition system formed early in the brain's evolution. The pre-frontal cortex, which registers happiness, is the part used for higher thinking, an area that evolved later in human history.
G
Our difficulty, according to Daniel Nettle, is that the brain systems for liking and wanting are separate. Wanting involves two ancient regions the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens that communicate using the chemical dopamine to form the brain's reward system. They are involved in anticipating the pleasure of eating and in addiction to drugs. A rat will press a bar repeatedly, ignoring sexually available partners, to receive electrical stimulation of the "wanting" parts of the brain. But having received brain stimulation, the rat eats more but shows no sign of enjoying the food it craved. In humans, a drug like nicotine produces much craving but little pleasure.
H
In essence, what the biology lesson tells us is that negative emotions are fundamental to the human condition, and ifs no wonder they are difficult to eradicate. At the same time, by a trick of nature, our brains are designed to crave but never really achieve lasting happiness.
Question 14-20
The reading passage has seven paragraphs A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-H, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.
14 An experiment involving dividing several groups one of which received positive icon
15 Review of a poorly researched psychology area
16 Contrast being made about the brain’s action as response to positive or negative stimulus
17 The skeptical attitude toward the research seemed to be a waste of fund
18 a substance that produces much wanting instead of much liking
19 a conclusion that lasting happiness are hardly obtained because of the nature of brains
20 One description that listed the human emotional categories
Question 21-25
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than four words from the Reading Passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 21-25 on your answer sheet.
A few pioneers in experimental psychology study what happens when lives go well. Professor Alice divided doctors, making a tricky experiment, into three groups: beside the one control group, the other two either are asked to read humanistic statements about drugs, or received …21... The latter displayed the most creative thinking and worked more efficiently. Since critics are questioning the significance of the …22…for both levels of happiness and classification for the virtues. Professor Seligman countered in an evolutional theory: survival in a time of adversity forged our brains into the way of thinking for what's wrong because we have a…23…
There is bountiful of evidence to show that negative thinking is deeply built in the human psyche. Later, at Iowa University, neuroscientists studied the active parts in brains to contrast when people are shown pleasant and unpleasant pictures. When positive images like…24…are shown, part of the frontal lobe of the brain becomes active. But when they are shown unpleasant image, the response comes from …25…of the brain.
Question 26
Write your answers in boxes 26 on your answer sheet.
Choose the correct letter. A, B, C or D.
According to Daniel Nettle in the last two paragraphs, what is true as the scientists can tell us about happiness
A Brain systems always mix liking and wanting together.
B Negative emotions can be easily rid of if we think positively.
C Happiness is like nicotine we are craving for but get little pleasure.
D The inner mechani* of human brains does not assist us to achieve durable happiness.
文章題目：科學(xué)家可以告訴我們什么是幸福嗎
篇章結(jié)構(gòu)
體裁
議論文
題目
科學(xué)家可以告訴我們什么是幸福嗎
結(jié)構(gòu)
(一句話概括每段大意)
A段: 關(guān)于幸福的早期心理學(xué)研究主流是負面情緒
B段: 少數(shù)心理學(xué)家研究正面情感帶給人的益處
C段: 批評家質(zhì)疑用積極思考來研究幸福的合理性
D段: 冰河世紀的古人類慣用消極思維模式
E段: 消極想法更容易被牢記
F段: 積極和消極想法的大腦結(jié)構(gòu)的生物學(xué)基礎(chǔ)
G段: 區(qū)分喜歡和欲望是研究幸福的難點
H段: 消極情緒是人類生存的基礎(chǔ)
試題分析
Question 14-26
題目類型：
題號
定位詞
文中對應(yīng)點
題目解析
14
Three groups
B段第2句
B段講述了少數(shù)心理學(xué)家對積極情緒的研究。從第2句話開始，文章詳述了實驗的方法，題干中的positive icon指代文中的candy。
本題答案為B
15
Ignored，only
A段最后兩句
A段是關(guān)于早期心里學(xué)家研究幸福的方法。從該段最后兩句可以看出，積極的情緒在當時的研究被ignored，并且在100個試驗中，only one concerns a positive trait。這里的ignored/only/a都是在映射題干中的poorly researched。
本題答案選A
16
Structure of the brain
F段第1句
F段講述了積極和消極想法的大腦結(jié)構(gòu)的生物學(xué)基礎(chǔ)。從第一句話的structure of brain可以看出，本段會研究brain action。
本題答案選F
17
Critics, big question
C段第1句
C段是針對B段的觀點，批評家質(zhì)疑少數(shù)心理學(xué)家研究幸福的方式。從critics, big question, what is the point of…等地方，均可以看出題干中所述的skeptical attitude。
本題答案選C
18
Wanting, liking
G段第1句
G段落主要講wanting和liking的在大腦系統(tǒng)中的區(qū)別。從第1句開始，該段多次出現(xiàn)wanting和liking。
所以本題答案選G
19
Brick of nature
H段第2句
H段是全文最后一段，所以很容易于題干中的conclusion聯(lián)系在一起。另外在H段第 2句也出現(xiàn)了brick of nature,指代題干中的nature of brains。
本題答案選H
20
Six universal emotion
E段中間
E段中提到了人類最基礎(chǔ)的六種情感，對應(yīng)題干中的human emotional categories。
本題答案選E
21
Candy
B段
B段中詳細描述了實驗的三個分組情況。Into three groups: one received candy, one…
所以本題可以從原文中直接找到答案為candy。
22
What is the point of defining…
C段
從題干中的Since critics可得知此題對應(yīng)原文中的C段。該段第2句話what is the point of defining levels of happiness and classifying the virtues。所以本題需要填寫define的名詞definition。
23
Professor Seligman, adversity
D段倒數(shù)第三局
D段倒數(shù)第3句：Professor Seligman says: because our brain evolved during a time of ice, flood and famine, we have a catastrophic brain。從題干中的Professor Seligman提示了答案應(yīng)該從這句話中尋找。另外題干中的adversity對應(yīng)了文章中的ice flood和famine。因此每題應(yīng)該填catastrophic brain
24
Pleasant picture
E段第3句
E段第3句 講述了pleasant and unpleasant picture對人類大腦的影響，之后緊接著提到了landscapes and dolphins playing?？梢娺@里的positive image應(yīng)該填文章中對應(yīng)的pleasant picture，即landscapes and dolphins playing。
25
Unpleasant images
E段第4句
此題答案緊接著上一題。作者在E段中描述了pleasant picture之后，緊接著提到了unpleasant image(picture)。在該句的末尾處comes from more primitive parts of the brain可以找到改題的答案為 more primitive parts
26
Separate, deeply ingrained, wanting and liking, lasting happiness
E、G、H段
A選項: G段的第一句話brain system for liking and wanting are separate，因此選項中的mix together是錯誤的。
B選項: 在E段中，作者主要表述了消極思想和情感在大腦中會留下深刻的記憶，并很難被抹去: negative thinking is deeply ingrained in the human psyche。Deeply ingrained和題干中的be easily rid of矛盾。
C選項：G段最后一句，drug like nicotine produces much craving but little pleasure。看似與題干很吻合但是卻在意思上大相徑庭。G段的核心思想是在強調(diào)happiness和滿足wanting后的satisfaction是兩個概念。題干中的nicotine只是滿足了人類大腦的wanting，但是不會帶來pleasant，更不會帶來happiness。所以這個選項也是錯誤的。
D選項：H段最后一句，our brain are designed to crave but never really achieve lasting happiness意思與題干一致，表述了由于大腦結(jié)構(gòu)導(dǎo)致了很難持續(xù)或者幸福感。
所以本題選D
參考譯文：
科學(xué)家可以告訴我們什么是幸福嗎
A
經(jīng)濟學(xué)家認為，如果人們會把自己描述成幸福的，那么他們就是幸福的.然而 心理學(xué)家卻要區(qū)分不同幸福感之間的差別。幸福最中等的水平是一種開心或是快樂的感覺。但是有時幸福是對生活的一種評判，認為生活是令人滿意的，而這似乎是不涉及感情范疇的。受人敬仰的心理學(xué)家Martin Seligman率先致力于關(guān)于幸福的研究。不幸的是，我們并不是天生就會感到幸福;而所幸的是，我們可以做一些關(guān)于幸福的事情。關(guān)于幸福的研究最早要追溯 到130年前在Leipzig的實驗室，那時心理學(xué)對“善良”和“滿足”還知之甚少， 大部分的心理學(xué)家都在研究“軟弱”和“痛苦”。圖書館里的書涉及的理論都是關(guān)于我們?yōu)槭裁磿瘋瑩鷳n和生氣這類的情緒。研究生活乎順時發(fā)生的事情在當時看來是不靠譜的。積極正面的體驗，比如說快樂，善良，利他主義和英雄主義在當時常常是被人們忽略的。在每100篇關(guān)于焦慮和壓抑的心理學(xué)論文中，只有一篇會涉及積極的心理狀態(tài)。
B
少數(shù)的實驗心理學(xué)家引領(lǐng)了有關(guān)幸福研究的潮流。康奈爾大學(xué)的Alice Isen教授和她的同事致力于研究正面的情感如何讓人們思維更敏捷以及更有創(chuàng)造力。為了展示正面的情感是怎樣迅速地提升一個人的智力，Isen教授通過一個巧妙的診斷將參加實驗的醫(yī)生分為3組：一組收到了糖果，一組朗讀人本主義的宜言，一組則作為控制對照組，(實驗結(jié)果表明，)收到糖果的醫(yī)生的思維更具創(chuàng)造性同時工作也更高效，受到Isen教授和其他人的啟發(fā)，Seligman也投身關(guān)于幸描的研究，他等集到了幾百萬美金的研究經(jīng)費，用以資助全世界150名科學(xué)家組成的50個研究小組。4家“積極心理學(xué)”中心成立，用令人愉悅的顏色裝飾， 配有沙發(fā)和保姆。心理學(xué)家聚集在墨西哥的沙灘上享受著潛水的樂趣，品嘗墨西哥菜肴fajitas，他們還分成小組討論有關(guān)“夸跡”和“敬畏"的話題。還有一千名臨床醫(yī)學(xué)家接受這項新科學(xué)項目的培訓(xùn)。
C
但是一些批評家要求心理學(xué)家回答一些重大的問題，比如說，什么是定義不同幸福水平的標準以及如何將這些特點分類?這些關(guān)于幸福的概念難道不是糢糊不清而且無法被這實的嗎?當四處還有饑荒，洪水和經(jīng)濟蕭條的時候，將這些研究基金用于積極心態(tài)的研究合適嗎?Seligman知道他的工作會被別人輕看，還可能會被人冠以諸如“積極思考的力量”此類的陳詞濫調(diào)。因此，為了讓這樣新的科學(xué)研究不要浮于自我滿足的狀態(tài)，就要確保這項研完和“枳極心理學(xué)”相聯(lián)系，又以“枳極生物學(xué)”作為基礎(chǔ)。
D
這就需要我們回到人類的進化史，人類是從更新世時代(180萬到1萬年前)開始進化的，那是一個充滿艱難和動蕩的時代。在冰河世紀，我們的祖先先是忍受冰川形成的寒冷，然后是冰川消融時的泛濫的洪水。人們還得和那些令人毛骨悚然的生物比如說猛犸象和體型如大象般巨大的地懶以及長著銳利犬牙的貓共同生存。但是到了更新世的末期，所有的這些動物都滅絕了，人類卻進化出了腦容量更大的大腦，并且通過自己的智力學(xué)會生火和*較復(fù)雜的工具，還學(xué)會了說話并且形成了一些社會禮儀。在逆境中生存將人類變得更加有恒心和毅力。Seligman教授說道：“因為我們的大腦是在一個充滿冰川，洪水和饑荒的年代進化來的，我們的大腦經(jīng)歷了太多患難—災(zāi)難性，所以我們的大腦的運作模式就是 “發(fā)現(xiàn)哪里出了問題”。但問題是，這在更新世那樣的時代是起作用的，在那時這對人類是有益的，但是在現(xiàn)代社會就不起作用了。
E
盡管大多數(shù)人評價自己很幸福，但是大量證據(jù)顯示消極的想法還是在人類心中根深蒂固。實驗顯示，較成功而言，失敗更容易被我們牢牢記住。我們總是在思想一些不順利的事情，而不是那些順利的好的事情。在6種基本的情緒中，有4種是消極的，它們是：生氣，害怕，厭惡和悲傷，而只有一種是積極的，它就是喜悅。(第6種情緒是驚奇，屬于中性。)心理學(xué)家同時也是《幸?！愤@本書的作者Daniel Nettle和皇家學(xué)院的一位學(xué)者認為，消極的情緒總是告訴我們“一些不好的事情已經(jīng)發(fā)生了”，從而會讓我們采取不一樣的行動。
F
究竟是什么樣的大腦結(jié)構(gòu)讓我們會傾向于有消極的想法呢?“快樂”這樣的情緒有生物學(xué)基礎(chǔ)嗎?愛荷華大學(xué)的神經(jīng)學(xué)家研究了當人們看到令人愉悅的圖片和讓人不舒服的圖片時的情況。當人們看到風(fēng)景或是海豚玩耍時，大腦的額葉會變得活躍。但是當他們看到一些讓人不舒服的圖片比如說一只小鳥被埋在土里時，或是一個戰(zhàn)死的戰(zhàn)士面部還有部分缺失時，大腦最原始的部分會做出反應(yīng)。這種識別消極情緒的能力是從古時候大腦進化早期形成的危險識別系統(tǒng)來的。大腦前額葉皮質(zhì)是產(chǎn)生幸福感的部位，是用來進行一些高級的思考，是人類晚些時期進化來的。
G
據(jù)Daniel Nettle所言，研究的困難在于大腦對于“喜歡”和“欲望”(wanting and liking)的機制是分開的，“欲望”涉及兩個最初大腦發(fā)育的部位，也就是扁桃體和神經(jīng)大腦區(qū)，它們通過化學(xué)多巴酚傳遞信息來形成大腦的獎勵機制。它們常常是讓人們很期待吃完東西的*或是對藥品上癮。小白鼠會不停地擊打柵欄來獲取對大腦“欲望”情緒的電*，而忽略異性同伴，但是獲得大腦*的小白鼠雖然吃得更多，但是并沒有跡象表明它在吃到自己渴想的食物后有一種滿足感。對人而言，像尼古丁這樣的物質(zhì)會讓人想要攝取更多但是卻帶來很少的*。
H
從本質(zhì)上來看，生物課可以告訴我們消極的情緒是人類生存的基本情緒，所以難怪它很難根除。與此同時，讓人覺得很詭異的是，我們的大腦總是想要的很多，但是卻很難真正得到持續(xù)的幸福感。
參考答案:
Version 19104 主題 幸福的科學(xué)解釋
14
B
15
A
16
F
17
C
18
G
19
H
20
E
21
Candy
22
definition
23
a catastrophic brain
24
landscapes or dolphins playing
25
(more) primitive parts
26
D

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