小編今天整理了一些如何通過劍橋雅思閱讀提高雅思寫作技能相關(guān)內(nèi)容,希望能夠幫到大家。
本文目錄一覽:
如何通過劍橋雅思閱讀提高雅思寫作技能
1. 利用劍橋雅思真題里的閱讀提高學(xué)術(shù)表達的能力
相信同學(xué)們都有劍橋雅思真題4-10 (好消息:劍橋雅思真題11即將問世),每本真題有12篇A類閱讀,7本書加起來一共84篇。我們知道,劍橋雅思真題里面的閱讀都是出自學(xué)術(shù)性文章,學(xué)術(shù) 性強并且所用詞匯和表達都是專業(yè)性的語言,而我們考A類雅思的同學(xué)雅思寫作的要求就是要寫學(xué)術(shù)性文章,所以閱讀真題里的詞匯和表達是我們可以學(xué)習(xí)借鑒的。
整理文中:
好的詞組搭配
避免Chinglish的出現(xiàn),比如dispose of和deal with都可以翻譯成處理,但是兩個詞組用法是不一樣的,比如dispose of sewage/waste products,deal with the problem。與其單純的背誦詞組,整理閱讀中的動詞名詞搭配、形容詞名詞搭配能更有針對性的提升雅思寫作Lexical Resources這一評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
好的句式結(jié)構(gòu)
雅思大作文7分評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中Grammatical Range and Accuracy要求考生用至少三種不同種類的復(fù)合句,我們可以多看看閱讀里的從句結(jié)構(gòu)從而熟悉復(fù)雜句的寫法。
2. 利用劍橋雅思真題里的閱讀拓展寫作思路
很多同學(xué)都會遇到同樣的問題:寫作的時候沒思路,或者思路狹窄,甚至覺得自己的觀點很膚淺幼稚,但是又想不到很academic的論點。今天,我們就來看一看如何利用手中的劍橋雅思真題來幫助我們拓展寫作思路。
整理文中:
可用作大作文素材的論點論據(jù)論證
我們來看一看2015年12月19日的寫作大作文題目:
Some think cultural traditions are destroyed when they are used as money-making to aim attourists attraction. Others think it is the only way to save them.
Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
思路:該題是一道雙邊討論并給出自己觀點的discussion類的題目,考察的話題是文化傳統(tǒng)要不要針對游客進行牟利,這樣做到底是毀了文化還是保存文化的唯一途徑。通過話題分類,可以很容易發(fā)現(xiàn)這是一道文化類和旅游類的題目。
針對游客牟利會破壞文化傳統(tǒng),可以從游客和景點兩個方面切入。
? 首先從游客的角度,他們只想去游覽自己感興趣的文化傳統(tǒng),而他們做選擇又只是基于第一印象或者直覺(first impression or intuition),這對于那些小眾(minority)喜歡的傳統(tǒng)技巧或習(xí)俗等都是不利的(disadvantageous),長此以往我們會失去很 多文化傳統(tǒng)。
? 從景點方面入手,為了迎合游客的口味(cater for the taste of tourists),傳統(tǒng)文化的景點已經(jīng)變得越來越商業(yè)化,改變了本來的面貌(比如麗江,鳳凰古城等)。而且游客的增多也帶來很多問題,比如外來文化的入 侵,環(huán)境破壞,治安問題等,這些都是不利于傳統(tǒng)文化的保存的。
做過劍橋真題4的同學(xué)應(yīng)該記得這樣一篇閱讀文章:The Impact of Wilderness Touri*(C4T4P1),里面有一段話是這樣的:
? Tourists are drawn to these regions by their natural landscape beauty and the uniquecultures of their indigenous people. And poor governments in these isolated areas havewelcomed the new breed of ‘a(chǎn)dventure tourist’, grateful for the hard currency they bring.
我們會發(fā)現(xiàn),其實這段話完全就是從游客與景點兩方面闡述了wilderness touri*的影響。首先游客為什么會被景點吸引呢?兩方面:natural landscape和the unique cultures of indigenous people。那么景點當(dāng)?shù)氐娜嗣窈?會怎么做呢?會為了經(jīng)濟效益而去迎合游客的口味。通過上述分析,我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)這篇閱讀文章雖然講的是荒野地區(qū)旅游, 但是里面的觀點完全可以巧妙的經(jīng)過paraphrase以后被我們用在這次考試里,為我們的寫作提供了思路。這篇閱讀里還有很多好的觀點可以同樣的運用在 旅游文化類文章里,如果平時注意積累,就再也不用擔(dān)心考場上大腦一片空白啦!
3. 利用劍橋雅思真題里的考官范文拓展寫作思路
雖然考官范文一直被強調(diào):只可欣賞,不能模仿,但是里面的觀點我們可以好好消化然后巧妙地為我們所用。比如還是12月19日的這道考題,對于文化傳統(tǒng)會因為游客的到來而得到保護這一方觀點我們可以有以下思路:
? 因為可以促進*和人們對于這些傳統(tǒng)的關(guān)注力度,而游客的消費也可以給文物、古建筑的維護提供資金支持(financial support)。
? 并且傳統(tǒng)工藝者也很可能因此把傳統(tǒng)工藝(traditional skills)保存下去而不是找一份普通的工作來謀生(make a living)。
我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)考官范文C3 T2提出了如下觀點:
Interestingly, technology can positivelycontribute to the keeping alive of traditional skillsand ways of life. For example, the populations of some islands are too *all to have normalschools. Rather than breaking up families by sending children to the mainland, educationauthorities have been able to use the internet to deliver schooling online. In addition, theinternet, and modern refrigeration techniques, are being used to keep alive the traditional skillsof producing salmon; it can now be ordered from, and delivered to, anywhere in the world.
對于現(xiàn)代科技幫助保存?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)生產(chǎn)三文魚技術(shù),其實和思路中的第二點有相似之處,可以恰當(dāng)?shù)男薷娜缓笥迷谖覀冏约旱奈闹小?
雅思閱讀出題源網(wǎng)站有哪些
雅思閱讀的出題源都扒出來了!這樣精讀+泛讀不上8分都難
在備考雅思閱讀,有一件比刷題更重要的事:做閱讀積累。不管是精讀還是泛讀,長時間保持一定強度的訓(xùn)練可以提升我們的英語閱讀能力。
然而,很多同學(xué)在做閱讀積累時都覺得起效太慢,如何把做閱讀和雅思考試聯(lián)系得更緊密?
很簡單,泛讀時從雅思題源里找文章就好了!這里我們?yōu)榇蠹野莵砹搜潘奸喿x真題題源,從這些文章里做積累,說不定下次考試分分鐘遇到原文。
精讀+泛讀,拿下8分指日可待。
精讀
我一直相信一種說法:精讀10篇劍橋真題文章,你的成績就可以在7.5以上。當(dāng)然,前提是你得“走心+方向正確”。
(提醒!精讀之前,務(wù)必掐著時間做題,劍橋文章有限珍貴,不能上來直接精讀,不要浪費掐時間的機會。)
精讀對雅思閱讀的好處:
1、單詞
生詞:?查閱生詞之前盡量通過上下文的時態(tài)、邏輯關(guān)系或詞根、詞綴猜測出生詞的意思。因為在考試中,我們是沒有任何外部工具用來查找單詞的。這個步驟不僅可以幫助我們在實踐中練習(xí)和掌握猜詞的方法和節(jié)奏,還可以緩和對于生詞的恐懼心理。
學(xué)科核心詞匯:我備考時有一個體驗:精讀真的太適合用來掃清閱讀單詞死角了,尤其精讀了幾篇生物類文章之后,再答生物類全都認識了。
同義詞整理和摘抄:同義替換本來就是雅思閱讀考察的一個重點,而且這些也可以借鑒到自己的寫作當(dāng)中去,畢竟詞語多樣性是寫作評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一。
2、長難句的不回讀訓(xùn)練
忘了是哪個老師跟我說過:三行以上必出題。我最開始備考時,常常是長難句讀到后半句,前面就忘了讀過了什么。后來看到一本長難句書,里面提到了“打死我也不回讀”這個方法:
只要每天練習(xí)五個長難句不回讀訓(xùn)練,看到大長句子,習(xí)慣性切割主謂賓,一周就會看到效果。長難句再也不是問題,看到就自動讀主謂賓,這就可以輕松記住意思,讀下面句子的時候,邏輯就形成了非常舒服的銜接。如果有題在句子中,再去精讀也不遲。
3、段落中心句位置+文章構(gòu)架的積累訓(xùn)練與開悟體驗
從備考角度出發(fā),對雅思學(xué)術(shù)閱讀文章進行結(jié)構(gòu)分析是一種有效的應(yīng)試策略,在針對亂序題、尤其是考生棄之如敝履的信息包含題這方面,其作用尤為突出。LOH(List of Headings)和 段落信息配對,怎么做,主要靠精讀的這個步驟。
泛讀
泛讀主要是練速度和抓取文章關(guān)鍵信息的能力的,所以這里我們主要get的是略讀和掃讀的能力,也就是雅思閱讀里需要的skimming & scanning。
skimming主要是用來抓住文章的主要要點(chief points),用這種方法來找尋文章的主旨大意;scan掃描,即為了尋找某一特定信息而大致地快速地瀏覽。雅思閱讀中的信息對比類題、細節(jié)理解類都考察到了這種能力。
在泛讀材料的選擇上,當(dāng)然選擇最貼近雅思閱讀考試的文章比較好,說不定在考場還能遇見原文,達到一箭雙雕的效果。
以下為大家扒來了雅思閱的萬年題庫,大家做好泛讀,好處多多。
先明確雅思閱讀文章類型:
雅思閱讀??嫉奈恼骂愋?
經(jīng)常作為考點的內(nèi)容
歐洲及世界社會發(fā)展,經(jīng)濟狀況,科學(xué)動向以及文化交流
世界范圍的就業(yè)狀況
語言學(xué),考古學(xué),生物學(xué),簡單醫(yī)學(xué)(單詞量不會影響對文章的理解)
世界范圍內(nèi)的教育狀況,經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的問題,機遇及挑戰(zhàn)(糧食,能源)
女權(quán)注意及女性歧視問題
環(huán)境保護(海洋,生物,陸地,森林等)及環(huán)境污染(化學(xué),石油泄漏等)
種族,民族問題
人*炸及居住問題,城市化及相關(guān)問題(交通擁擠,設(shè)施缺乏,噪聲等)
地球,自然界的科學(xué)現(xiàn)象及地理現(xiàn)象
太空,宇宙概況,以及外星生物探討等
全球氣候變暖,厄爾尼諾,洋流異常,臭氧層破壞
地球災(zāi)難,火山爆發(fā),地震,彗星撞地球,森林大火,生物滅絕
人類歷史發(fā)展中重要事件,重要人物及重要標(biāo)志性產(chǎn)品
人類歷史上的重大發(fā)明
表明人類文明輝煌成就的重大事件,如發(fā)明電視,電影,計算機及登陸月球等
雅思閱讀真題題源匯總
一、雅思閱讀A類
文章大部分選自國外人文類、經(jīng)濟類和科學(xué)類的知名報紙、雜志或各*、組織的研究報告。真題高頻題源如下:
1、New Scientist
世界上排名第一的科學(xué)雜志。這本雜志在雅思閱讀中被用到的頻率最高,25%的考題都是來自于這個雜志。看一組數(shù)據(jù):
劍橋雅思真題4
"Lost for Words" 12,August,2000
"Play`s the Thing" 9,June,2001
劍橋雅思真題5
"Comic Relief" 27 May 2000
"Flawed Beauty" 22 Septermber 2001
劍橋雅思真題6
"Australia`s Sporting Success" 26 January 2002
"Greying Population stays in the Pink" 16 March 2004
"Do literate women make better mothers" 29 April 1995
劍橋雅思真題7
"pulling strings to building pyramids from Kite Fantastic" 27 October 2001
"A very special dog" 10 May 1997
劍橋雅思真題8
"Striking Back at Lighting with Lasers" 7 October 1995
劍橋雅思真題10
"The Ancestor within All Creatures" 15 January 2005
劍橋雅思真題11
"Neuroaesthetics" 14 July 2012
2. The Economist
列居其次,非常有影響力的英文雜志,在雅思閱讀中也占有不少比例,如劍五中的The Truth about the Environment, 劍六中的Delivering the Goods。
3. American Scientist;Scientific American
兩個主要的美國學(xué)術(shù)期刊,也會涉及到一些考題,例如劍五的Disappearing Delta和劍六的The Search for Anti-aging Pills。
4. National Geographic
不過因為這是休閑雜志,所以只作為了G類的閱讀,如劍六中的Pterosaurs。
除了以上提到的若干來源之外,雅思A類的閱讀文章還出自Nature, Discover, Time (Europe), Boston Global, History Today等其余期刊或雜志。至于是哪次考試的哪篇文章,由于敏感原因在這里就不在透露。
二、 雅思G類
閱讀中前兩部分通常是實用性強的功能性短文,如菜單、產(chǎn)品說明、通知、住宿安排和廣告等,非常貼近西方的實際生活。這就要求考生們爭取每天閱讀一定量的原版英文報刊、書籍,如time、reader’s digest等,尤其注意其中的各種各樣的廣告。并非要讀懂每一個字,或完全理解,只要能理解其中大至含義既可。
配合文章第一部分的說的精讀訓(xùn)練,了解這些雅思文章出處之后對大家平時進行泛讀訓(xùn)練具有很好的指導(dǎo)作用,將精讀和泛讀結(jié)合,相信拿下8分指日可待。
2023年劍橋雅思閱讀真題解析:Thomas Young
您好,我是專注留學(xué)考試規(guī)劃和留學(xué)咨詢的小鐘老師。在追尋留學(xué)夢想的路上,選擇合適的學(xué)校和專業(yè),準(zhǔn)備相關(guān)考試,都可能讓人感到迷茫和困擾。作為一名有經(jīng)驗的留學(xué)顧問,我在此為您提供全方位的專業(yè)咨詢和指導(dǎo)。歡迎隨時提問!
對于雅思考生來說,劍橋雅思閱讀題難不難?下面就和小鐘老師一起來看看2023年劍橋雅思閱讀真題解析:Thomas Young。
Thomas Young
The Last True Know-It-All
A Thomas Young (1773-1829) contributed 63 articles to the Encyclopedia Britannica, including 46 biographical entries (mostly on scientists and classicists) and substantial essays on "Bridge,” "Chromatics," "Egypt," "Languages" and "Tides". Was someone who could write authoritatively about so many subjects a polymath, a genius or a dilettante? In an ambitious new biography, Andrew Robinson argues that Young is a good contender for the epitaph "the last man who knew everything." Young has competition, however: The phrase, which Robinson takes for his title, also serves as the subtitle of two other recent biographies: Leonard Warren's 1998 life of paleontologist Joseph Leidy (1823-1891) and Paula Findlen's 2023 book on Athanasius Kircher (1602-1680), another polymath.
B Young, of course, did more than write encyclopedia entries. He presented his first paper to the Royal Society of London at the age of 20 and was elected a Fellow a week after his 21st birthday. In the paper, Young explained the process of accommodation in the human eye on how the eye focuses properly on objects at varying distances. Young hypothesized that this was achieved by changes in the shape of the lens. Young also theorized that light traveled in waves and he believed that, to account for the ability to see in color, there must be three receptors in the eye corresponding to the three "principal colors" to which the retina could respond: red, green, violet. All these hypothesis were subsequently proved to be correct.
C Later in his life, when he was in his forties, Young was instrumental in cracking the code that unlocked the unknown script on the Rosetta Stone, a tablet that was "found" in Egypt by the Napoleonic army in 1799. The stone contains text in three alphabets: Greek, something unrecognizable and Egyptian hieroglyphs. The unrecognizable script is now known as demotic and, as Young deduced, is related directly to hieroglyphic. His initial work on this appeared in his Britannica entry on Egypt. In another entry, he coined the term Indo-European to describe the family of languages spoken throughout most of Europe and northern India. These are the landmark achievements of a man who was a child prodigy and who, unlike many remarkable children, did not disappear into oblivion as an *.
D Born in 1773 in Somerset in England, Young lived from an early age with his maternal grandfather, eventually leaving to attend boarding school. He haddevoured books from the age of two, and through his own initiative he excelled at Latin, Greek, mathematics and natural philosophy. After leaving school, he was greatly encouraged by his mother's uncle, Richard Brocklesby, a physician and Fellow of the Royal Society. Following Brocklesby's lead, Young decided to pursue a career in medicine. He studied in London, following the medical circuit, and then moved on to more formal education in Edinburgh, Gottingen and Cambridge. After completing his medical training at the University of Cambridge in 1808, Young set up practice as a physician in London. He soon became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and a few years later was appointed physician at St. George's Hospital.
E Young's skill as a physician, however, did not equal his skill as a scholar of natural philosophy or linguistics. Earlier, in 1801, he had been appointed to a professorship of natural philosophy at the Royal Institution, where he delivered as many as 60 lectures in a year. These were published in two volumes in 1807. In 1804 Young had become secretary to the Royal Society, a post he would hold until his death. His opinions were sought on civic and national matters, such as the introduction of gas lighting to London and methods of ship construction. From 1819 he was superintendent of the Nautical Almanac and secretary to the Board of Longitude. From 1824 to 1829 he was physician to and inspector of calculations for the Palladian Insurance Company. Between 1816 and 1825 he contributed his many and various entries to the Encyclopedia Britannica, and throughout his career he authored numerous books, essays and papers.
F Young is a perfect subject for a biography - perfect, but daunting. Few men contributed so much to so many technical fields. Robinson's aim is to introduce non-scientists to Young's work and life. He succeeds, providing clear expositions of the technical material (especially that on optics and Egyptian hieroglyphs). Some readers of this book will, like Robinson, find Young's accomplishments impressive; others will see him as some historians have - as a dilettante. Yet despite the rich material presented in this book, readers will not end up knowing Young personally. We catch glimpses of a playful Young, doodling Greek and Latin phrases in his notes on medical lectures and translating the verses that a young lady had written on the walls of a summerhouse into Greek elegiacs. Young was introduced into elite society, attended the theatre and learned to dance and play the flute. In addition, he was an accomplished horseman. However, his personal life looks pale next to his vibrant career and studies.
G Young married Eliza Maxwell in 1804, and according to Robinson, "their marriage was a happy one and she appreciated his work." Almost all we know about her is that she sustained her husband through some rancorous disputes about optics and that she worried about money when his medical career was slow to take off. Very little evidence survives about the complexities of Young's relationships with his mother and father. Robinson does not credit them, or anyone else, with shaping Young's extraordinary mind. Despite the lack of details concerning Young's relationships, however, anyone interested in what it means to be a genius should read this book.
Questions 1-7
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
1 “The last man who knew everything” has also been claimed to other people.
2 All Young’s articles were published in Encyclopedia Britannica.
3 Like others, Young wasn't so brilliant when grew up.
4 Young's talents as a doctor are surpassing his other skills.
5 Young's advice was sought by people responsible for local and national issues.
6 Young was interested in various social pastimes.
7 Young suffered from a disease in his later years.
Questions 8-13
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
8 How many life stories did Young write for Encyclopedia Britannica?
9 What aspect of scientific research did Young do in his first academic paper?
10 What name did Young introduce to refer to a group of languages?
11 Who inspired Young to start the medical studies?
12 Where did Young get a teaching position?
13 What contribution did Young make to London?
文章題目:
Thomas Young—The Last True Know-it All
托馬斯·楊——最后一個無所不知的人
篇章結(jié)構(gòu)
體裁人物傳記
題目托馬斯·楊——最后一個無所不知的人
結(jié)構(gòu)A段:托馬斯·楊對百科全書的主要成就
B段:托馬斯年輕時的主要成就
C段:托馬斯晚年的主要成就
D段:托馬斯童年的生活背景及成長經(jīng)歷
E段:托馬斯作為自然哲學(xué)學(xué)者取得的成就
F段: 托馬斯在其他領(lǐng)域的成就
G段:托馬斯的感情生活
試題分析
Question 1-7
題目類型:True / false /not given
題號定位詞文中對應(yīng)點題目解析
1Other peopleA段第四句“Young has competition, however: The phrase, which Robinson takes for his title, also serves as the subtitle of two other recent biographies: Leonard Warren's 1998 life of paleontologist Joseph Leidy (1823-1891) and Paula Findlen's 2023 book on Athanasius Kircher (1602-1680), another polymath.”該句中明確給出了Young還有其他的競爭者,他們的傳記中也同樣擁有這樣的小標(biāo)題,分別是Leonard Warren寫的關(guān)于Joseph Leidy的傳記,以及 Paula Findlen's寫的關(guān)于Athanasius Kircher的傳記。
因此,本題答案為True
2all, articlesB段第一、二句B段第一句 “Young, of course, did more than write encyclopedia entries.”明確表示Young所做的遠不僅僅是編輯大英百科全書的詞條,因此并不是所有的都在百科全書。而在本段第二句中,作者指出,Young在20歲的時候?qū)⒆约旱牡谝黄撐淖运]給倫敦皇家學(xué)會,并在一年后成為該學(xué)會的會員: He presented his first paper to the Royal Society of London at the age of 20 and was elected a Fellow a week after his 21st birthday。Paper與article為近意思。顯然,題干與原文含義相反。
因此,本題答案為False
3likeC段最后一句C段整體是在介紹Young晚年的主要成就,即Young長大后的成就。此外,在C段最后一句中,作者明確指出Young和其他的孩子不同的一點在于,Young并沒有像其他那些年少成名而后來江郎才盡的孩子一樣,他后來同樣取得了非凡的成就: These are the landmark achievements of a man who was a child prodigy and who, unlike many remarkable children, did not disappear into oblivion as an *.句中的unlike為like的反義詞,顯然題干與原文含義相反。
因此,本題答案為False
4surpassingD段第四、七句D段介紹了Young的成長背景和經(jīng)歷,同時體現(xiàn)出其涉獵范圍較為廣泛。其中第四句中提到Y(jié)oung決定學(xué)醫(yī),并且在后面的介紹中指出Young還參加戲劇演出,學(xué)習(xí)跳舞和吹笛子: He then broke with his Quaker upbringing by attending the theater and learning to dance and play the flute. In addition, he was an accomplished horseman.而在第七句中作者指出Young還是一名杰出的馬術(shù)師。但是并未指出Young在哪個方面的造詣更高,更有天賦。Surpassing這個概念并沒有在文中體現(xiàn)。
因此,本題答案為Not Given
5soughtE段第四句“ His opinions were sought on civic and national matters”,文中表明Young的很多觀點關(guān)注人民和國家事務(wù)。題干與原文含義相同。
因此,本題答案為True
6Interested in, social pastimeF段第七句“We catch glimpses of a playful Young, doodling Greek and Latin phrases in his notes on medical lectures and translating the verses that a young lady had written on the walls of a summerhouse into Greek elegiacs.”文中指出,通過Young的醫(yī)學(xué)演講中亂寫的希臘字母和拉丁短語以及將一位年輕女性寫在涼亭上的詩歌翻譯成希臘挽歌便能看出他的幽默。顯然,Young對于這樣的社交娛樂是感興趣的。題干和原文相符合。
因此,本題答案為True
7disease, later yearsC段第一句,G段第一句C段第一句給出了“l(fā)ater in his life,”但是本段近講述了Young晚年在學(xué)術(shù)方面的成就;G段給出了Young的婚后生活,以及Robinson在書中并未提及Young與父母間的關(guān)系。但無論哪一個點都沒有提及其晚年飽受某種疾病之苦。
因此,本題答案為Not Given
題目類型:Short-answer question
8life storiesA段第一句“Thomas Young (1773-1829) contributed 63 articles to the Encyclopedia Britannica, including 46 biographical entries (mostly on scientists and classicists)…”該劇中的“biographical entries”指傳記詞條,與題干中的life stories表示相同涵義。
因此,本題答案為46
9first academic paperB段第三句“In the paper, on how the eye focuses properly on objects at varying distances, Young hypothesized that deformation of the crystalline lens accomplished the accommodation.”B段段首表明,Young將自己的第一篇論文自薦給了倫敦皇家學(xué)會學(xué)會。因此本段討論的是其第一篇論文。而本段第三句指出,在這篇論文中,Young主要討論了人類眼球的調(diào)節(jié)機制
因此,本題答案為humaneye或human eye accommodation
10a group of languagesC段第五句“In another entry, he coined the term Indo-European to describe the family of languages spoken throughout most of Europe and northern India.”該句指出,Young創(chuàng)造了術(shù)語 Indo-European來描述在歐洲大部分地區(qū)以及北印度使用的語言。
因此,本題答案為Indo-European
11inspire, medical studiesD段第四句D段前面介紹了Young童年時期的生活背景。本段第四句中則指出:“Following Brocklesby's lead, Young decided to pursue a career in medicine.”。顯然,正是因為 Richard Brocklesby的引導(dǎo),Young才決定在醫(yī)學(xué)方面有所建樹。
因此,本題答案為 Richard Brocklesby
12teaching positionE段第二句“ Earlier, in 1801, he had been appointed to a professorship of natural philosophy at the Royal Institution”,題干中的teaching position與E段第二句中的professorship均表示“教師職位”,該句明確指出,Young作為自然哲學(xué)的教授,受聘于英國科學(xué)研究所。
因此,本題答案為 Royal Institution
13LondonE段第五句“His opinions were sought on civic and national matters, such as the introduction of gas lighting to London and methods of ship construction.”E段主要介紹了Young作為自然哲學(xué)學(xué)者取得的成就。而第五句則列舉了Young的兩個成就,其對于倫敦的所做出的成就在于煤氣照明的引入。
因此,本題答案為gas lighting
A我們該怎樣理解托馬斯·楊(1773-1829)?他是《大不列顛百科全書》中63篇文章的作者,其中包括46篇傳記(大部分都是關(guān)于科學(xué)家和古典學(xué)者),和大量關(guān)于“橋” “色彩論” “埃及” “語吉” “潮汐”等的論文。一個能夠?qū)懗鲞@樣多有權(quán)威性文章的人應(yīng)該算是一個博學(xué)者? 一個天才?還是一個業(yè)余興趣廣泛的人呢?在一篇關(guān)于他的比較激進的傳記中,Andrew Robinson 認為托馬斯楊是-位強有力的競爭者能夠配得這樣的墓志銘“是最后一個知道任何事的人”。但是楊也要面對競爭:因為這樣的傳記標(biāo)題Robinson不僅給了他,也作為副標(biāo)題給了有關(guān)另兩位學(xué)者的傳記:Lenard Warren 1998年著的《古生物學(xué)家Joseph Leipy的一生》(1823-1891)以及Paula Findlen 2023年著的關(guān)于另一位博學(xué)者Athanasius Kircher(1602-1680)的傳記。
B當(dāng)然楊的貢獻遠不止寫了很多百科全書上的文章,他在20歲的時候?qū)⒆约旱牡谝黄撐淖运]給倫敦皇家學(xué)會,并在他的21歲生日后被評為一周科學(xué)人物,楊在該篇論文中解釋了人類眼睛的調(diào)節(jié)機制一一關(guān)于眼睛如何通過不同的距離聚焦在物體上。在后面的文章中,他更加全面地探討了這個問題,類似牛頓,他在自己身上進行了可怕的實驗用以獲得相關(guān)的證據(jù),他還得出這樣的理論:光是通過“以太”分子的振動,以波的形式進行傳遞的,而“以太”是一種假想物質(zhì),其存在還存在爭議性。他還認為為了能看見顏色,必須要有3個感應(yīng)器對“三原色”進行感應(yīng),而這三種視網(wǎng)膜對其產(chǎn)生感應(yīng)的顏色就是紅,黃,藍二種顏色。
C在他人生的晚些時候,也就是40多歲的時候,楊試圖破解鎖在羅塞塔石碑里的未知文字密碼,這個石碑是在1799年在埃及被拿破侖的軍隊發(fā)現(xiàn)的,并且從1802年起就在英國博物館進行展出。該石碑上包含了 3種不同的字母:希臘語,不可辨識的文字以及埃及的象形文字。這種不可辨識的文字現(xiàn)在被認為是正如楊所推斷的是很普通的,是和象形文字直接相關(guān)的。他最初有關(guān)這方面的工作首次出現(xiàn)在他在《大不列顛百科全書》中編纂的詞條。在另一個條目中,他創(chuàng)造了術(shù)語“Indo-European”來描述在歐洲大部分地區(qū)以及北印度使用的語言。這些都是這是這位從小就展露科學(xué)天賦并且不像很多孩子后來江郎才盡的科學(xué)家獲得的里程碑式的成就。
D托馬斯·楊出生在英國薩默塞特郡一個虔誠的教友會教徒家庭,從小和他的外公一起長大,最后去了寄宿學(xué)校。他兩歲的時候就博覽群書,并且自學(xué)熟練掌握了拉丁語,希臘語,數(shù)學(xué)以及哲學(xué),在很大程度上他受到了舅舅Richard Brocklesby的鼓勵,他的舅舅也是英國皇家學(xué)會的一位內(nèi)科醫(yī)生。在Brocklesby的引導(dǎo)下,楊決定要在醫(yī)學(xué)方而有所建樹,他曾先后在倫敦大學(xué)、愛丁堡大學(xué)和格丁根大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)醫(yī)學(xué),多虧了Brocklesby的引薦,楊進入了英國皇家學(xué)會,他最后也打破了從小在教友會的教育,他參加戲劇演出,學(xué)習(xí)跳舞和吹笛子,此外,他還是一位杰出的馬術(shù)師。在1808年結(jié)束在劍橋大學(xué)的醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)后,楊在倫敦開了一家診所,很快他就成為皇家內(nèi)科醫(yī)生學(xué)會的一員,并且?guī)啄旰蟪蔀槭讨吾t(yī)院的一名內(nèi)科醫(yī)生。
E楊作為內(nèi)科醫(yī)生的醫(yī)術(shù)卻趕不上他作為自然哲學(xué)學(xué)者或是語言學(xué)家取得的成就,早在1801年,他已經(jīng)被任命為英國皇家學(xué)會的教授,他每年要在那里舉辦60場的講座。這些講座在1807年以兩本書的形式進行出版。1804年楊就已經(jīng)成為英國朵家學(xué)會的秘書,而他獲此殊榮直至去世。他的很多觀點關(guān)注人民和國家事務(wù),比如說在倫敦引進煤氣照明和造船方法。從1819年起,他就是航海天文年歷的主要負責(zé)人,也是Board of Longitude的秘書。從1824年到1829年,他擔(dān)任Palladian 保險公司的精算師和內(nèi)科醫(yī)生。在1816年和1825年間,他為《大不列顛百科全書》編纂了許多詞條,而且窮其一生著作,論文無數(shù)。
F我們通過楊在醫(yī)學(xué)課上胡亂寫的希臘字母和拉丁文短語以及他將一位年輕的女士寫在避暑山莊墻上的詩句翻譯成挽歌可以看出他的幽默,但是他的個人生活也因為自己對工作和研究的全情投入而略顯蒼白。
G他在1804年和Eliza Maxwell結(jié)婚,據(jù)Robinson所述“他們的婚姻是幸福的,因為他的夫人欣賞他的工作”。我們對于他夫人的了解僅限于她在她丈夫備受一些關(guān)于眼睛的理論方面爭議的時候總是堅定地支持他,并且當(dāng)他的醫(yī)學(xué)生涯開始慢慢起飛的時候,她開始有些擔(dān)心錢的問題。值得一提的是,楊沒有被保護的人,他都是和自己的導(dǎo)師進行互動一一先是他的外公,后是Brocklesby一一還有先于他過失的一些偉人(其中很多是很著名的如牛頓,楊最早在17歲讀了他寫的書)。但是關(guān)于楊和他母親以及父親的關(guān)系的記述卻鮮力人知,Robinson在說到楊的非凡的頭腦時也并沒有將其歸功于他的父母,或許很難有這樣的巧合:過去的天才都是由于卓越的父母教育造就的。
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